[Tami thusim pen M.A(Linguistic) ka zaw nai lou laia ka na giel ahi. Etthakia ding zong tampi om maithei ahi]
Kamsuisiemte'n(linguists) Hâm bangchi genchien ding e? achi chiengun hasa asa mama uhhi. Thutengte leh thuguichingte zang a, i lungsim sunga omte genna khu Hâm akichi hi. Hâm nasep pen akimuthei a, tualeh akitheithei hi. Mi khenkhat in Hâm achi chiengun hichi'n agen uhhi.Lawltawng apat hing pawtdoh lei leh nephu(mua) in aginsah osuo khu Hâm akichi hi. Kam sung apat hing piengkhie khu osuo ahia;nephu,lei leh lawltawng apata hing pawtdoh 'ging' tualeh thutengte a kitheithei khu Hâm akichi ahi. Khokhat ahilouleh gam khat ahisihleh mi pawlkhat hamzah khu Hâmneu ahi. Lâisiem lâitheite lâigieldân leh hâmdân kibang sim zong hâmneu chithei ahi. Mihing khat khu Zouhâm a, hâm hinanlehzong, lai agiel chienga hamdang khat kamdang khat laigieldan zang a, agiel a'leh Zouhâm lengsah kichi ahi.Tambang hâm gielkhiet pen Hâmleng kichi ahi
Mipawl honkhat ham kibang sim kizangkhawm khu Hâmpawl akichi hi.Hâmpawl ahileh; thagumsengte pawl,zatou pawl, nurse pawl,nupi pawl,papi pawl,khanglai pawl, leh adangdang inn kuon khat chiet zong hampawl khat nei uhhi. I mimal in zong eima ham tuom i kinei chiet hi.Tuami zong hamneu chi khat ahi.
Hâm leh ahina:
i)Hâm in osuo pawlte anei hi. Mihingte'n osuo pawl te; A, W,E,Ê,I,Î,O; anei uhhi.
Mi chithamlouin sate in zong osuo pawlte akihouna u'ah ajang let uhhi. Ahivangin khuoite in atahsa piadante uh khu akihouna ham danin ajang uhhi
ii)Hâm ahileh dânbei leh magêntheilou ahi.
Hâm kichi pen danbei zong chithei ahi veve hi. Amathuthu a kihengthei mawh ahi.
Ahun leh amun dungjui a thutengte kihengheng thei zel ahi.
Etsahna in; haàhla,kha,lha,thla in akihengthei hi, hengà1heng,kheng, suhàsuk, hangàang,hing,hung,hong in akihengthei a,hangàkhang,lhang,hlang in zong akihengthei hi. Agentena in, 'Inn nga' pen 'Inn ngate' zong akichi thei veve hi.
Bawngte zong bawnghon chithei ahi. Amahaw ahisihleh amauh khu amaute zong akichi thei ahi. Innsung khat khu tapa tapen min in akihanthei hi. Etsahna in ; Khensuonthangte, Khupkhopaute,Lampute,Tanpute, a kichi chienga innsung khat gênna in akijang let hi.
Hâm kichi magêntheilou tualeh amathu a piengthei ahi. Hâm uplouna mun ah mihing
khat khangkheta leh tuapa pên ahâmthei mawngmawng sih ding hi. Tuajieha ham pen mihing
hina melchina/chiemtena chikhat ahia,amathuthu a pieng i chi khu mihing hina pawl dan toh kizawitawn zel hi. Ganhingte pen heimapou ah khangkhe leh zong apienpi kihouna uh pen
pienpi akinei leng uhhi. Ngeunou khat in 'miao' khara khara ra ra............. achi pen
khangsawm khangza kivei kivielle lehzong 'miao' achi thou veve ding hi.
Ajieh ahileh ama'n apienpi kam ahi hi. Ahivangin,mihing khat pên etsahna in Manipur gam ah khangliensah tamalei Manipuri[Meitei] hâm asiem dinga, London ah khangkhesah lei Manghâm asiem dinga Delhi khopi ah khangkhesah lei Hindi hâm asiem dinga,Aizawl ah pieng taleh Lushei hâm asiem ding hi.
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Ahinlah,mihing khat khu hampawl khatbeh lah ah khanglien sihta leh, tua mihing in ham kichi mawngmawng teng khatbeh zong azangthei sih ding hi. Tuajieha ham hih mihing hina jieha hing om ahibou hi chi akithei hi. Lungthah chienga hâmsâng, osie suo, hâmnem, khutledân osuodân chite zong upate apata kizilthu ngentang ahi.
iii)Ham in kiguoldan kitup anei zel hi. Hâm kichi aguong khat nei in akiguollet hi. Tuate in avelvel a mu sawnsawn chiengin atun tawng khat i mu leh zong ahonpi a dindan ding
akitheithei hi. Etsahna: Thuguiching bukimlou khat en vai; Khuppu____sum____hi.
Tamnah, a awngte suhdimna ding thuteng tampi aum ding hi.
Khatna ah; A awng sungah zoptu koithei ahia,a awng nina ah nasêm koithei ahi. Tuachiin, thuguiching ; Khuppu in sum pie hi.
Nina ah; A awng sungah minlawna koithei ahia,anina ah zemtu,nasem kikoithei ahi. Tuachiin,Khuppu naupa'n sum tampi anei hi.
(iv)Hâm khu adandan in apawlpawl in akikhen a,abailamlam in akikhenkhe sushsuh zel hi. Etsahna in; Minlawna thuteng 'Ganhing' khu chi tuotuom a omthei hi.
Ganhing ahileh :- tui ganhing,leitung ganhing, vanlai ganhing
Leitung a apiathei hinna nei sil poupou ganhing akichi hi. Ganhing in minlawna nempite akawmu hi. Hâm khat poupou sungah minlawnate leh nasêmte atuom dan in, i koi let uh hi. Pawl khat in van silte thaheng in apang u'a, pawlkhat in silpiengte thaheng in apang uhhi.
v)Hâm in chiemtena hon leh akhietna anei hi.
Mihingte vanjah,silte,chiemtenate khu osuote toh ana kisutuo a,ana kijang zel a,tuachiin hâm asuoh hi. Hâm kichi pen mihingte in upate apata azildoh uh ahibou hi. Hâm pen akilatuo toutou let ahi. Ui in apu osuodan ajahjah chiengin bang agenna e ? chi atheithei hi.Tua khu apu hâm chiemtena hon apata a abawl ding leh a up ding dan atheithei ahi.
vi)Hâm in sil umloute zong agenthei hi.
Mihingte'n sil urn leh umloute zong kihoulimna un azangthei uhhi. Sil umlou,sil atuokhahloupi uh zong athuteng in nasatahin atuokhah ngeingei mabangun agenthei leng uhhi. Ahiloupi zong ahidanin agenthei uhhi. Tambanga sil umloute gendan khu Hâmsuonkhiet akichi hi. Tami hâmdan a mihing ahamthei jiehin mihing in apeisa khanglui silte tualeh ahingtung ding silte khuleh gamlapi a om silte thu khu agenthei let uhhi. Ajah khahlou silte zong agenthei uhhi. I Lungsimkhoi silkhat in thuteng dang ahing ngaituosah thei hi.
Etsahna in:- Thuteng 'lung' tami thuteng 'lung' khu mulou,thamlou,nah Iou in zong I lungsim in i theithei hi. I tahsa sukhalou in zong sil tampite i genchien thei uhhi. 'Lung' i gel apatin thei dangte i chiemte thei hi. Lungsim sukha khat apatin sil tampi akigeldoh hi.
Ham apatin silbawl tampi akibawlthei hi. Gamlapi a urn silte zong akingaituo thei zel a, tualeh adihna aki-enkhe let hi.
vii) Hâm abukim hi; Gennuom teng akigenthei hi. Kam in thuteng omlou zong aphuothei a,tualeh thuteng umsa zong aletthei hi.Vanlai zawla 'aeroplane' leng khat khu 'vanleng' lênna,khâimu,vânmu chi'n aphuothei hi. Tuola tai sil khat khu 'goutangkilia' chi'n aphuothei a,tualeh mei toh tai 'rail' khat khu 'meileng' chi'n aphuothei hi.
viii)Hâm dândih in apei hi. Hâm khat poupou in peidan khat chiet akinei hi. Mangham a thutengte kiguoldan leh Zouham a thutengte kiguoldan atuom chiet ahia, ama-ma
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kiguoldan chiet akinei uhhi.Etsahna in; Mânghâm in, 'I am going to school'; kawi khat ah thumasa hilchienna ding in ; 'Going to school am I' a kichi thei sih hi.Tabangin chitalei akhietna tuom khat akawhkia ta ding hi. Zouham in, 'Kei sang-inn ah ka pei ding hi.' chipen thumasa ma i gen nuom leh 'kei sang-inn pei ka hi ding' akichi thei sih hi. Tabangin chitalei,akhietna tuompi khat akawh hi. Hâm in thutengte kiguoldan dândih akinei hi.
Hâm kithezâhdân
Hâm pên hâmneu khat ahilouleh hâmneu tampi apata ahing piengkhie ahi. Thutengte,kamtengte ahilouleh kammalte athei dungjuiin mihing khat in hâmneu tampi zong athei kuom a,ahâm pên akipawlpi pawlhon zahdân dungjui in aheng let hi.
Mi khatpou in thuteng leh kammal athei dungjuiin hâm tampi zong athei kuom a,ahâm pen akipawlpi pawlhon zahdân dungjui in aheng let hi.
Hâm khat khu hâmneu hon laha patin ahing liendeu a ahing khangtou deu a, tuami pen hâm tangpiin ahing kijang hi. Tulaiin khopi sunga têng lâisiemte leh aneizoudeute hâmzah tangpiin lâigiel lam hita ven aw, apoimawna chinteng ah hâm in ahing mang uhhi. Asawt chiengin tua hâm zangte'n amahaw hâmzah pên hâm tahtah tualeh hâm piching dânin a'ng geldohta u'a tuachi'n hâm dangte klm angiemjaw leh amawljaw in atuot maita uhhi. Tuami hâm zangte in akiphatsahpi leh akiletsahpi uhhi.
Etsahna in; Khopi sunga têngte’n amaute hâm pên hâmzang dânin angaituo uhhi. Khopi pâm leh akîmvel tuom atêngte hâm khu amawljaw leh angiemjaw in atuot u’hi. Hâmneu tuomdeu dangkhat a hâmte pên hâm dihlou zang in asim uhhi.
Tuachiin hâm dangkhat a hâmte in hâm dihlou zang dânin in, alungsim sung u'ah, alungtang sung u'ah- kingamlana lungsim toh dim in hâm khangtoujaw dâna,angaituote uh,hâm athei sawm u'a, tuabanga hâm khangtoujaw a kingaisutte hâm azuisawm u'a, tuabang hâm zanga hâmte toh akihou chiengun amahaw hâmzah khu akizumpi ta mawh u'a tuachiin kingamlana lienpi toh kidim in hâm dang zangte toh ama ham gawmkhawm leh kaikhawm in ahâm zel uhhi. Zopa khat leh Lusheipa ahilouleh Meiteipa khat akihou chiengin tua Zopa'n ama hâm khu atuolkoi tadi phot a,khumi Lusheipa/Meiteipa hâm in maitheilou sasa in ahâm sawm a,amai suhthop let hi. Khum Meiteipa/Lusheipa in Zouhâm thei malehzong,ama Meitei/Lusheihâm main ahâm tinten sawm a,tualeh ama hâm akhangtoujaw dânin angaisut hi. Kingamlana lungsim beitheina dîngin lâisai pawlte mawpuohna lienpi um in ka thei hi. Tuajiehin,Zohâm tângpi khat khu sang-inn chinteng a i naupangte uh zilthasah lei hoiva.
ZOHÂM LEH HÂM DANGTE:
Zo,Meitei,Lushei/Mizo,Thado-Kuki,Tedim-Chin hâmte sunga thuteng kibangte:
Zohâm pên Tibeto-Burman hâmpawlte laha khat ahi. Tibeto-Burman laha zong Kuki-Chin hâmpawl ahi nawn hi. Tuate laha apat Northern Chin hâmpawl in akisimsuhkia hi. Tam hâmte khu atangpiin, ophawi/okaidan zui ngen ahi sim u'a tuachiin kamsuisiemite'n Tonal Language chiin athei uhhi. Zoham in okaihâm ahilouleh osuohâm kichi ahi. Tuamabangin Zouhâm zong ophawi/okaidân toh kizawitawn ngitnget ahijiehin Tonal language ahi.
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Kamsuisiemte'n hâm tuomtuomte; Zohâm,Thadouhâm,Lusheihâm,Tedimhâm,
Paitehâm,Simtehâm,Meiteihâm leh adgdgte pên hâmbulpi khat apata hing pieng
-khie leh lêngkhie ahi achi uhhi. Meiteihâm leh Lusheihâm,Thado-Kukihâm, Tedim-Chinhâm,Paitehâm enlei Zohâm sunga thutengte toh kibangchet thutengte tampi a um veve hi.
Etsahnate:-
Zo Meitei Lushei/ Thado-Kuki Tedim-Chin Paite/Simte Mânghâm
Mizo
Gam lam ram gam gam gam land
Gu saru ruh gu guh guh bone
Guh taruk paruk gup guk guk six
Inn yum/im inn inn inn inn house
Kêng khawng ke kêng khe khe feet
Khut khut kut khut khut khut hand
Kum kum/chahi kum kum kum kum year
Lam lam zawh lam lam lam lam road
Lei lei lei lei lei lei earth,tongue
Li mari pali li li li four
Lou lou lo(lou) lou lou lou field
Mai mai mai mai mai mai face
Mei mei mei mei mei mei fire
Mi mi mi mi mi mi man
Mit mit mit mit mit mit eye
Ni ani pani ni ni ni two
Nga manga panga nga nga nga five
Nupi nupi nula nupi nupi nupi girl
Pa pa pa pa pa pa father
Pu pu pu pu pu pu grandfather
Sa sa sa sa sa sa meat
Shi shi thi thi shi shi die,dead
Ta cha fa cha ta ta offspring
Vun vun vun vun vun vun skin
Zun zun zun zun zun zun urine
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ZOHÂM KIHLENDÂN:-
Hâm khat poupou khu ahun dungjuiin akihengthei let a,tualeh akhanglien thei hi.Hâm khat kihendân leh khanletdân tana anei ate jieh ahi:
(a)Tênna leh tawndân apata Hâm kihendân;thuteng kikhêldân leh Akihengte:
Hâm hasa apatin hâm bailam ah akiheng zêl hi. Hâm khat sunga athutengte khu abailamlam in akiheng zêl hi. Ahasa apatin abailam manaw in hâm akiheng zêl a, tuachiin asawt chiengin hâm tuomdeu khat ahing suohthei zel hi. Hâm kichi khu mihing pawl khat hing pienkhietdân tângthu leh tawndân chite dungjuia hing piengkhie ahi hi. Hâm kibang mihing pawl ahing kikhenkhah chiengun mun tuomtuom ah ahing têngta u'a, hunsawtpi ahing kivei chiengin akamtengte,athutengte,akammalte uh pawlkhat ahilouleh anempi ahing kiheng zêl hi. Tuachi dânin hâm tuomdeu khat hing pieng thei let ahi.
Akhangkhang in hâm pên akiheng leh akikhêl let ahi. Kammal pawlkhat ateng khat kipâi, ateng khat kiheng,kizeplut, ateng khat kibelap ahilouleh ateng ni kipâidoh chite ana um let a, tu'n zong a um nalâi dîng hi. Tabanga thuteng kihengte khu Akihengte(lnflections) akichi hi.
Etsahna in; Thuteng suoh ah laiteng 'h' akipai a 'suo' asuoh hi,suohàsuo; thuteng 'suh' ah laiteng 'h' khu 'k' in akiheng a 'suk' asuoh hi,suhàsuk; thuteng 'uh' ah laiteng 'v' kibelap 'vuh' asuoh hi,uhàvuh; thuteng 'hing' ah laiteng 'g' akipai a ‘hin' asuoh hi,hingàhin; ka kan dîngàka kang dîng,kan bân ah laiteng 'g' kibelap a kanàkang dîng; asuoh hi.
Zouhâm sungah 'Akihengte' nempi akijang nalâi hi. Simtehâm,Tedimhâm,Paitehâm sungah akihengte tampi akijangta sih hi. Etsahna; Zouhâm a; nasêm thuteng 'pang' apata minlawna akisiem chiengin 'g' akipaikhie a 'na' ahisihleh 'dan' khu atawpna ah akikoi a, tuachiin minlawna 'panna', 'pandân' ahing suoh hi. Simtehâm sungah 'g' akipâidoh sih a, nasêm thuteng 'pang' ma akizang a minlawna akisiem chiengin 'pangna' pangdân ma in akizang hi. Tabangin,Simtehâm thuteng tampite in kihenna anei sih uhhi.
Etsahna in Simteham a thuteng kihengloute pawlkhat tam anei bang ahi:
Simtehâm:- Kangna, tungna, lengna, sangna, hongna, mangna leh adgdg
Tam atunga thutengte Zouhâm in anei a bangin akiheng zêl uhhi:
Kanna,tuna,lenna,sanna,honna leh adgdg
Zouham apata Simtehâm thuteng suohdoh leh kiheng pawlkhatte:
hingàhung;ka’ngàku’ng;vangàning;mahàmaw;sihvaàsi;vaiàni,
uh amahàuvam; uoiàviei leh adgdgte tampi a um nalai hi.
Akihengte atam jiehin Zouhâm hasa mama akisa chiet hi. Lusheihâm,Tedimhâm, Paitehâm sungah akihengte atawm mama hi.
Tuajiehin tam hâmte pên Zouhâm sângin atheinop leh atheibaijaw hi. Tawndânte pên abailam apatin ahasa lam ah aluttoutou zêl hi. Ahivangin,hâm pên ahasa apatin abailam lam anawtjaw hi. Hâm pawlkhat sungah thuteng akihen chiengin akibang in akibânhen let uhhi.
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Zouhâm sungah tunai apeisa kum 30-40 sung maimai in zong akihengte tampi apiengkheta hi; Etsahna in:-
tanahàhiah; khunahàhuah; tamàhi; tamiàhimi; uhàvuh; hingàang; hangàhing; ingàung; kungàkang; ku’ngàk’ang; nungànang;amahàamaw izoài leh adgdgte ahi.
Lusheihâm,Sizanghâm,Tedimhâm,Simtehâm,Paitehâm chite lah ah Zouhâm thuteng
tampite ana kizeplut hi.Tuamabangin Zouhâm sungah zong hâm tuomtuomte thutengte
ahing kizeplut thei zêl hi. Kum tampi apata mihing pawlte ana kijopkhawm tâhlou jiehin
ham tuomtuom dânin ana kingaituo leng hi.
(b )Lâigieldân jiehin hâm akihengthei hi.
Tualâi hun in, Lâigieldân jiehin thutengte/kamtengte zong akiheng lamdang deudeuta hi. Tunidongin,Mikâng missionaryte lâigieldân ahingpieh pên uh 'I sumkuon chiengpê
nalai u'a’ tualeh i pomkip jiehun tuniin i thutengte uh tampi akiheng sieng gawpta hi. I chisa mabang un Zouhâm pên osuohâm ahi hi. I kam u'a, i ginsah uh atuomdeu a, i khut a i gieldoh uh, atuomdeu in akilangta hi. I kam a, i lawdoh(gêndoh) thuteng/kamteng ging leh i khut u'a, i gielkhiet uh thuteng tampi akibangta sih hi.
Zouhâm a kammal 'uo' pen Tedimhâm in kammal 'ua' dânin akijang hi
Tuachiin zong kammal 'uoh' pên Tedimhâm in kammal 'uak' dânin akijang hi.
Zouhâm a 'suoh' thuteng khu Tedim/Paite hâm in 'suak' dânin ana kigingsah a,Lusheihâm in 'chhuak' in akigiel a,Hmarhâm in 'chhuok' chi'n akigiel a,tualeh akilou zêl hi.
Tuachiin, Zouhâm apataàTedimhâm a, thutengte kihendân tambang ahi; huoàhua,zuopaàzuapa,suohàsuak,tuohàtuak,thuohàthuak,Puohàpuak,
kuomàkuam,nuomànuam,luongàluang,suongàsuang,tuolàtual, muonàmuan,
suoàsuan,tuonàtuan, kuongàkuang,puongàpuang leh adgdgte asuoh hi.
Zouhâm a lâitengte 'ch' pên Tedimhâm in 'c' ahia, chàc.
Zouhâm a kammal 'ie' pên Tedim/Paitehâm in kammal 'ia' dânin akijang hi.
Zouhâm a thuteng 'lien' khu Tedim/Paite/Simtehâm in 'lian' chiin akigiel a,'li+an' chiin akigingsah hi.
Etsahna in; Upa khat in thuteng khat; 'chieng' achi chiengin 'chi'+eng' ma in a ophawi agingsah nalâilâi hi. Ahivangin, agiel chiengin 'chiang' chi in agiellet hi. Tami in 'chi+ang' chi in ophawi agingsah hi. Tuachiin sangnaupangte'n sanglai sungah ahing zil chiengun 'chieng' chia lam ding hinapi'n akawilam in 'chiang' chiin akisimsah u'a tuachiin, a'ng hâm chiengun 'chi+ang' chiin alouta leng uhhi.
Tambangin, thuteng/kamteng tampi lâigieldân jiehin akiheng lamdanga, Zouhâm ophawi gilte nempi ana kiheng khata hi. Tambanga,thuteng kiheng lamdangte enta lei, khun; Simtehâm,Tedimhâm,Paitehâm sungah atam dieh hi. Simtehâm sungah Zouhâm apata akila thuteng kitheichien khat ahileh 'diei' ahi, tami 'di+ei' ophawi a, ging pên khu 'diai' chiin akigiel a, tuachiin akilaw chiengin 'di+ai' chiin akigingsah a, akilou let hi.
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Tuachiin,Zouhâm a thutengte 'chie,chien,chieng,chiet,kie,khie,lie,lien,
lieng,nien,nieng, phiengsan, pien, pieng,sie,sien,sieng,siel,siem,siet,sietna chite khu Paitehâm leh Simtehâm in 'chia,chian,chiang,chiat,kia,khia,lia,lian,
liang,nian,niang phiangsan, pian,piang,sia,sian,siang,sial,siam,siat,siatna asuoh a,
Tedimhâm in 'cia, cian, ciang, ciat, kia, khia,lia,lian,
liang,nian,niang,phiangsan,pian,piang,sia,sian,siang,sial,siam,siat,siatna chite asuoh leuleu hi.
Thado-Kukihâm in 'chie,chên, têng, chet, khe ,khe, le, lên,
lêng, nên, nêng, phengsan, pên, pêng, se, thên, thêng,sel,thêm, set,setna asuoh uhhi.
Zo tehsete toh ka kihoulim chiengin a osuo/ophawidân hoitahin ka ngaichien zêl hi. Atangpiin têhsete osuo/ophawidân apatin ‘ua’ leh ‘ia’ sângin 'uo' leh 'ie' gindân apawtjaw leh aluongjaw in ka theithei hi.
Zouhâm a sie pên Tedimhâm in sia chiin akigiel a,Zouham a sietnaàTedimhâm in siatna chiin akigiel a,Zouhâm a siengàTedimhâm in siang chiin akigiel a,Zouhâm a setaàTedimhâm in siata chiin akigiel a,pieàpia chiin akigiel a, petaàpiata chiin in akigiel a, pedingàpiading chi in akigiel a akilou a,kigingsah uhhi. Tam pên lâigieldân maimai jieha,thuteng tuomdân hing suoh ahibou a,tualeh akibanglou dânin a'ng kigêlta hi. Tambang thuteng pienkhietna pên lâigieldân jieh maimai ahibou a,tuachiin kum tampi jouin atuom dânin ahing kipomdohta hi.
(c)Kum sawtpi kidaitha,kikhenna,kichimatlouna jiehin hâm kihengthei tualeh atuomdeu piengthei hi. Mihing pawl kibahpite toh kichimatlouna jieh,kidâithana jieh,tênna munte kibahtâhlou jieh,tênna gamlât jieh,mun leh muol opdân kibahlou jieh, ahilouleh midangte toh kichimattuona jiehin zong hâm adanglamthei mawh hi. Kihoutuona leh kikhenna asawttâh jiehin kumtampi kikamtuo nawlouta jiehin hâmtuom ahing lêngkhethei hi.
Mexico gam a Spanish khotaneu khat sunga amite hâm khu Latin toh akibang sim nalâi a,ahivangin Latin hâm tahtah lah hituonlou,nanleh Latin thuteng tampi amaute hâm sung ah azeplut u'a azang nalâi uhhi.
Kum sawtpi mihing apawl kibahpite toh akichimattuo tâhlou jiehun amaute lahah hâmtuom khat apieng a,tuachiin hâmdang khat nei asuoh uhhi. Hinanleh,amaute hâm sungah Latin thuteng lui tampi atel veve hi.
Zouhâm sunga thutengte tam,tami,tanah khu hi,himi,hiai,hiah,chite khu kum zanga(500) masang tuom a ana kiheng hidînga gintâthuoi ahi.
Tuachiin; hang khuàan,hing,hong,hung, a ana kiheng hidîng dâna gintât ahi. Thuteng hang sunga h leh g lâitengte akipaikhiet leh 'an' suoh hi. Tami thuteng 'an' pên Lusheihâm thuteng ahia, tapên hang,hing,hong,hung china toh kibang veve dân a kisimthei ahi hi.
Zouhâm sunga thuteng 'sih' khu hih,suh, kei a ana kiheng hidînga gintathuoi ahi.
Zouhâm a lâiteng 's' ahilouleh 't' khu ana kihengkha a,Lushei/Hmarhâm in 'chh' in gindân in ana kigingsahta hi. Tuachiin, 'suoh' khu 'chhuok[chhuak]' asuohta a, 'tou' pên chho[chhou] asuohta hi.
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Zouhâm sunga lâiteng 'g' khu Lushei/Hmarhâm in 'r' gindân in ana kigingsah hi.
Tuachiin thuteng 'gou[go]' chipên 'rou[ro] chiin akigingsah hi. Zouhâm a lâitengte 's' 'sh' gindân khu Lushei/Hmarhâm ah 'th' gindan in akigingsahta a,tuachiin thuteng 'sing' khu 'thing' asuohta hi. Tabangma in Zouhâm a lâitengte 's,sh' khu Thadou-Kukihâm in 'th' ahilouleh 'h' gindânin akigingsah a, tuachiin 'sing' khu 'thing' chiin akilou a; tualeh 'sih' khu 'hih' chiin zong akigingsah hi.
Lusheihâm leh Tedimhâm,Simtehâm,Paitehâm sungah thuteng tawpna lamah nâhkuogin 'h' khu akihâman mama hi. Zouhâm a tha(new) khu Simte/Thadou hâm in 'thah' chiin akigiel a, tualeh akilou a, tuachiin Zouhâm a thuteng dei à khu Tedim/Paite
/Simtehâm in deih asuoh a, kaiàkaih asuoh a,daiàdaih asuoh a,theiàtheih asuoh a,ngilàngilh asuoh a,hilàhilh asuoh a,mamaàmahmah asuoh a,ngaiàngaih asuoh a,
tualeh leh adgdgte zong aum hi.
Tualeh,Zouhâm a thutengte; 'mun,ngal,mal,ngil'chite khu Lusheihâm in'hmun,nghal,hmar,nghil' asuohhi.
Oging 'i' khu oging 'u' in akihengtuo uhhi. Tuachiin,Zouhâm a 'sih' khu Lusheihâm in'suh' asuoh hi.
Tuachiin; hingàhung a'ng suoh hi.
Oging 'a' khu oging 'i,o,u' in akihengtuo u'a tuachiin; thuteng hang khuàhing,hong,hung, suoh zel ahi.
Zouhâm a odâi lâiteng 'h' pouma a, tawpte pên Tedim/Paitehâm in ‘k' ah atawp zêl hi.Alelam zong ahithei veve hi.
Tuachiin, mahàmak,lahà1ak,pahàpak,sahàsak,tahàtak,suohàsuok,tuohàtuok,
thuohàthuok,puohàpuok, suhàsuk,tuhàtuk,thuhàthuk asuoh hi.
Tamte pên tênna gamlât jieh,kum tampi ana kichimattuo tâhloujieh u'a hichi banga hâm ogindân tuom hing piengdoh ahibou hi. Zouhâm zang mihing pawlte lah ah zong atênna uh ana kibahtâh lou jiehun ahâmteng/kamteng/thutengte uh ana kiheng manta hi.
(d)Hâm kihen mihing ngaina
Mihingte'n atênna khuo leh tui hâm azui u'a athei sawm uhhi. Tami khu mihing piendân ngaina ahi. Akhuo-leh-tuite'n apomthei nadîngin tua khomite hâmdân athaw u’a azui zêl uhhi.
Etsahna in; Zoupa khat Tedimhâm ahilouleh Paitehâm ahisihleh Simtehâm na khuo khat ah vatêng taleh tua khomite pomthei nadîngin tuapa khu akhomite(amaute) hâm dândânin ahâmsawm dînga,athaw dînga tuachiin kum tampi nua chiengin khum khomite hâm azui a,tualeh apomta dînga, ama hâm apâita ding hi. Nanleh, ama hâmlui sunga thuteng tampi ahing polut dînga tuachiin hâmtha azangta dîng hi. Tua khomite hâm sunga thuteng kibelap sawn asuoh hi.
Tuachiin awl-awlnou in kum tampi ahing kiveijou chiengin hâmtha khat ahing piengkheta dînga tualeh ama hâmlui toh kibang sênglou khat ahing piengkhie hi. Ahilouleh, hâmtha vilvel khat apiengkhethei hi.
Zouhâm apata hâm tuomtuomte; Tedim,Paite,Simte,Vaiphei,Gangte,Thangkhâl,
Khuongnung chite leh adgdgte hing piengkhie hiva chithu upate'n agintât uh thute agên zê uhhi.
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Nam khat hâm sunga thutengte akithejâh a,tuachia hâm kinâi namte pawl lah ah zah in ahing umthei hi. Theiloukâl in, mihingte'n angâisâng mihing pawlkhatte piendân hâmdân leh a tawndân uh dangdangte ana mêlchi u'a tualeh azuisawm uhhi. Thutengte pawlkhat khu akingâisângte apatin akawm zêl uhhi.
Tuachiin,Lusheihâm a thuteng kikawm khat ahileh 'fel’ ahia, Zouhâm in 'taima' china ahi. Tuachiin nichin hâmzah in amangta uhhi. Tuamabangin,tawmngaina,mangai,chanchin,theibufai,chawm,chang,changkang,manmaw,maw,fuh chite ahing kikawmta a, nichin âm na u'ah azang zêl ta uhhi. Tuachiin Zouhâm thutengte apung sêmsêm hi. Zouhâm apatin hâm dangdangte in nal leh hoi asah uh thutengte akawm u'a amahaw'a bangin azang let uhhi.
Etsahna in; sengseng, diei,dieldiel,vawi,kalaisai chite ahi.
Zouhâm kizahdân
Namkai,Gamkai,Khokai,Vêngkai, hâmneute chituomtuom a um hi.Hâmzahdân chi tuomtuom a um hi. Kammal leh thuteng kibang himananleh akhietna leh akawmu tuomtuom a umthei thou hi. UK gam ah 'Comprimise' akijah chiengleh thuteng hoi lampang in akimang hi. Mi kingaingiem gênna in akijang let hi. Compromise chipên kilemna,kituona china in akila hi.
Ahivangin,USA gam ah 'Compromise' thuteng akijah leh, eima mimal manna lampang akawmu leuleu hi. 'Compromise' thuteng khu manna,thalkiana,jawlana,supna lampang in akila hi. UK gam ah ahoi lam in akijang a, USA gam ah supna leh aselam in akijang hi. Ahivangin, azangte'n ahâmte uh akibang in asim nawn sih uhhi.
Hâm jattuomdân leh kibahlouna Zou nam khat chikhat zat khat sungah zong a umthei veve hi. Khatveivei leh agamgi akitheikhen tuon sihhi. Okaidân tuomtuom a um a,tuate dungjui in hâmzahdân akitheithei pan hi. Asâng,angiem,a ul,atoukai,khiehsuh,tanggen,
hâmkhau,hâmnem, chite a um guol hi. Zouhâm khu osuohâm ahijiehin asaukai/saulam,
atomlam/atomkai, akhiehsuh, atoukai thutengte/kamtengte aum hi.
Tawndân kibang sung khat ah zong pawl khatte'n hâm tuomdeu hâmneute azang uhhi. Hâm apatin mi vêng, mi nam, mi khuo mi hina mi hing puona chite akitheithei hi. Hâm khat sunga patin zong hâmzahdân tuomtuom leh hâmneute a um a, tuate apatin; Ama ; Sugnute,Singtomte,Singngatte,Phaitute,Gamngaite, Tonzangte,Khodaite,Kanante,
Behiengte,Hiengtamte,Khaukuolte leh adgdg, chiin akikhenthei nalâi ahi.
Khuo leh khuo hâm sungah zong thutengte a unpi in akibang sieng sih hi. Khokhat sungah hâmteleu,hâmleng,hâmsawi,hâmneu chite a um thei veve hi. Zou sungah zong ama Hâidawi hâm a hâm, ama Thangkhâl hâm a hâm, ama Khuongnung hâm a hâm, ama Khodâi hâm a hâm chite a umthei veve hi. Tuachiin Lamka Zou, Gunpang Zou, Sugnu Zou,Singngat Zou,Tonjang Zou,Kawlgam Zou chite hâmpawl tuomtuom umdân in akilangsah hi. Himalehzong, Zouhâm kibang tângpi khat aum a, khum thutengte'n nam khathina leh tawndânte akêmbit a,tuachiin hâmdangte'n akivaltumsah sih uhhi. Atangpiin, guollui hâm leh hâm-upa te'n hâmbul thutengte akêmbit u'a ahina uh leh atawndân uh asuhing uhhi. Atangpiin,enta lei, tunidongin Zou sungah hâm zahdân akibang diemdiem veve nalâi hi. Zoulate enkia lei hâm thakhat hidân akilang sêm hi.
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Zouhâm zahdân tuomtuomte leh Zouhâm thuteng kibanglou hinanleh akhietna kibang pawlkhat en vai:
Topa,tunou,tami,tam,tan,tanah,pâh; àSugnu leh Gunpang suhlangte'n,hinanleh, mi pawikhattte'n 'Mangpa,belam' zong azang panta veve uhhi.
Mangpa,belam,hi,himi,hiah,kawt àSingngat tangtou leh Lamka lamte'n azang uh hi.
Sugnu langte'n tami,tam,tana,tanah,izo,i,om,ahikhu,akhula chite atangpiin azang let uhhi.
Lamka lamte'n hi,hiah,huah,maw,mawleh,um,avele,ave chite azang let uha,hinanleh thu-leh-late agiel chiengun tam,tami,tana,tanah thutengte azang veve uhhi.
Sugnu langte'n 'ei panpi in ' achi let u'a, Lamka lamte'm 'hing/hung panpi in' achi zêl uhhi. Sugnu langte'n 'nei kithuopi diei? achi let u'a, Lamka lamte'n 'nang kithuopi diei? achi leng uhhi.
Kinousietnate zong aunpi in, akibang kim sihhi.
Sugnu langte'n na ngap ei ? achi u'a,Lamka lamte'n: na ut maw? achi uhhi.
Sugnu langte'n kikhutsa vai achi let u'a Lamka lamte'n kichibai vâi achi zêl uhhi.
Gungpang - suh in 'dam lai maw mataw? Sugnu langte'n 'na damdam na'i' achi let u'a,Lamka lamte'n 'na dam zêl maw’ ahisihleh ‘na dam zêl ei' achi leng uhhi..
Lamka lamte'n 'hing' sângin 'hung' ahâjah jaw uhhi. Hing leh dam thutengte kawmu akibang a lamka lamte theidan in 'shilou' china ahi. Etsahna in; 'Na pa adam na'i? achi chiengun 'na pa ahing na'i? china ahi. Sugnu langte theidanin 'Na pa adam na'i? achi chiengun 'Na pa ahat na'i ? china tobangin akijang hi. Tualeh natna neilou lampang toh kisai in akijang hi. Tualeh, Zouhâm a, ophawi osuote bangin hâmdangte in thutengte anei sih uhhi. Zouhâm a, osiesuo agildân ahuoisietdân pên hâmdang khata osie agildân leh ahuoisietdânte akibangthei mawngmawng sih hi. Osiehâm zong agamkai,vêng,khuo kaidân dungjuiin akibangkim sih hi.
Lâibusutna leh Lâi Siengthou silbawtheinate
Kum 1475AD kum in William Caxton in lâibusutna(printing press) abawlkhiet apatin Mangkam in kikhêlna tampi anei na lâi hi. Tami lâibu sutna jiehin lâibu mantam tampi mantawmtahin ahing kisunkheta a, ahing kisujauta a, mi tampite’n lâibu ahing simtheita hi. Lâi sutna khawl in Lâisimthei leh gielthei mite ahing pung deudeu a,khuchiin hâm tângpi jahthei ahing piengkheta a, hâm kibahlouna te ahing kiem deudeu a, Hâm kammalteng ahing gawmkhawm thei hi. Lâigieldân asukhanglien mama a, lâiteng zahdân kibahna ahing tun hi. Lâibusutna jiehin kamzah,hâmneute tuomtuomte ahing kigawmkhawm thei hi.
Hâm kikhietna zong asukiem jouta hi. Lâigieldân leh lâiteng zahdân a’ng kibang thei ta hi. Lâibusutna in Lâiteng kibahsahna a’ng tun hi. Hâm kibahlounate khanletna a khâm hi.Mangkam ahing khanglien a tuni’n leitung aluodim phielta hi.
Singtangmite kikhenna; Missionaryte hing pieh Roman lâi ahi.
Tu’nle hâm leh lâigieldân tungtang kikum khawm va ui;
Lâigieldân in hâmdân leh hâmzahdân asuhdihthei a,ahilouleh asulamdangthei hi. Lâisiemte lâigielte khu hâm bublpi leh sutpi dânin akigêl hi. Lâigieldân pên hâmguong khat toh akibultuo leh akhietna umthei pan ahi. Tuajiehin hâm chipên ahileh osuo pawlte ahi. Osuote pên mit a, muthei chiemtêna khuoilumei phêng tung ,electric meiphe ahisihleh khutsut chite apata kisuothei ahi.
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Tuachiin, lâigieldân leh hâmzahdân pên gielkhiet apata hing mêngdoh leh piengkhethei in akithei hi. Hâm khatpoupou sunga kamteng/thuteng,ophawidân,osuo khietdânte khu lâigieldân in abukimsah theichet sih hi.
Missionaryte’n lâigieldân a’ng pieh u’a kipan in thuteng/kamteng akikhietna uh tampite a piengta hi.
Missionaryte’n lâigieldân a’ng pieh u’a kipan in hâm kibangte zong hâm tuomtuom dânin ahing kigielkhie a hâm kibang nalâi pipi zong Missionary luite’n lâigieldân tuomtuom ana pieh jiehun hâm kibang lâi mipawlte zong hâm kibanglou dânin ahing piengkhie hi.
Singtangmite laha Bible a’ng lekhedoh chiet u’a, ahing kisutjou apatin lâiteng zahdân tuomtuom ahing kijang chiet a, tuachiin hâm tampi ahing piengkhe dânin akitheita a,tuachiin nam tuomtuom hâm dânin,amauh theitawh in ahing kituomkoi chietta uhhi.
Bible in Manghâm leh Mangkangte agawmkhawm joua,leitung pumpi ah Mângte in apang u’a,gam tampi ana luojou uhhi. Himaleh ei singtangmite pên Bible sut akuon in,lâigieldân lam ah a’ng kikhenjâhta uhhi.
Lâigieldân leh hâm kibahsahna ding lampang ana ngaisun khol sih u’a,tuachiin lâigieldân jiehin nam tuomtuomte ahing kimêlchi chietta uhhi. Tu’nle, Manipur gam sunga nam chia akigên chiengin hâm khat bulphu in nam akitheikhen zêl hi.
Zouhâm leh Simtehâm bang en lei, a ophawi uh kibang diedoi vethou ahivangin Simte Literature Lâigieldân pên Paite/Lushei/Tedim literature lâiteng zahdân aman jiehun Zouhâm toh akibang theita sih hi.
Tuachiin Tedim hâm leh Paitehâm thakhat hinapiin, himaleh missionaryte ana lâi pieh uh ana kibang lou ahimanin tuniin tategêl pên hâm tuomtuom dânin a om ta mawh hi. Mikâng Missionary masate ana Lâi pieh pên uh ana kibang kha ana hitaleh tuni’n tam hâm tegêl pên akitheikhenthei sih dînga,tuachiin hâm khat dânin ana kizil thei dîng hi. Himaleh Mikâng missionary masate’n Tedimte adîngin Lâi khat ana piengsah uh a, Lushei missionaryte’n Paite adîngin Lâi dang khat ana piengsah uh hi.Lâi kibang ana hitamahleh khanglien jawdîngin ka gingta hi.
Tuamabangin,Mikâng missionaryte’n Lusheite leh Hmarte Lâi tuomtuom ana pie uh a, tuni’n tam hâmte gêl pên atuomtuom dânin akitheikhenta hi. Duthusâm in tagêl bêh ana kibangta ngengngong uh leh a hâm uh khanglien mama vên maw!
Tu’nle, Missionaryte lâipieh tungtang kikum kia va ui:- English Medium school a khanglien ngen I hi jiehun, I hâm-leh-pâu uh, I sim chieng’n English okaidân[phonetic] I zang let uhhi. Mânghâm banga ei singtang hâm khat poupou pawl khat
[classI] apata I zillou uh ahijiehin sim hasa akisa thei chiet hi. Tua ahimanin ogingte zahdân I buoithei mama pai uhhi.
Tedim ,Paite,Simte leh adangdangte lâigieldân pên missionaryte ana pieh uh lâigieldân A,AW,B,CHAW…system jang uh chi’n khenkheta lei ,tam lâigieldân jiehin a osuo uh leh athutengte uh nempi ana kiheng chithei ahi.
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Etsahna in A,AW,B,CHAW system zangte’n ‘O’ pên ‘OU’ chi in agingsah uhhi.
Gêntena in tou pên to‘ chi’n asim u’a, lou pên lo; loh’ khu ‘lou’ chi in agingsah uhhi.
Hinanleh, India sunga A,B,C,CH,D,E…...Z, azang Zouhâm sungah khun ‘loh’ chipên Manghâm a kiledoh leh ‘shake,stir’ china ahibou hi.
A,AW,B,CHAW..system zangte’n Manghâm a ‘to fall’ agiel chiengun ‘kia’ chiin agiel let u’a ;hinanleh,a ophawi uh lah, ‘kie’ gin toh akinâi mama zêl hi. Mangkam a ‘bad’ khu ‘sia’ chiin agiel uha ‘pastor/teacher’ zong ‘sia’ chiin agiel gawp suh uhhi. Zouhâm a ‘bad’ chia akigiel chiengin ‘sie’ chiin akigiel leng hi. Zouhâm a ‘sia’ i chi chiengin Manghâm in ‘iron’ china ahibou hi. Ahilouleh, ‘sia’ chipên ‘sihva’ tomlam kawmuna khat ahi. ‘Sia’ zong Manghâm a ‘to wipe ‘ china ahi. Zouhâm in fastàsua chiin akigiel a,publish,openàsuo chiin akigiel hi.
A,AW,B,CHAW system zangte’n Manghâm a ‘gaur/mithun’ pên ‘sial’ chiin agiel uhhi. Zouhâm a ‘sial’ chipên Manghâm in ‘fox/jackal’ china ahibou hi. Ahilouleh, ‘sial’ khu ‘âhsi’=star china ahijaw hi.
Zouhâm a thuteng ‘kie’ khu Manghâm in ‘fall’ china in akizang hi. Ahivangin, Zouhâm sungah thuteng ‘kia’ i chi chiengin Mânghâm a ‘return,again’ china ahi. Manglâi toh hing khanglien mite’n kammal khat asim chiengun Manglâi sim bangin asim let uhhi.
Zouhâm in,tam atunga kigên thuteng kitheikhenna anei jiehin atuompouna akinei khinkhian hi. Tam atunga i gênte jiehin ei singtângmiteng hâm ahing tuom deudeuta hi.
Tambangin thuteng nempi khat kibahlouna ahing piengkheta hi.
Lâigieldân leh lâibusutna in Manghâm akhangliensah a,akibangsah a,ahi’nlah ei singtâng
mite lah ah, hâm kigamlâtna ahing tunjaw hi.
Lelam khat ah, tulâi huntha hun in, lâibusutna ahing up apatin hâm kinâite; Zou,Tedim-Chin,Paite,Simte,Vaiphei,Gangte,Lushei,Hmar,Thado-Kuki leh adangdangte lâigieldân ana kibangta maileh leh kilawm hia!.
Tualeh hâmneute na kigawmkhawm taleh kilawm hinapiin,tam lâibsutna jiehin ahâm apâu uh khu kigawmkhawm lehmah in,akigamla deudeu jawta hi.
Lâibusutna hing khanlet lâia Manghâm sunga hâmneu kibahlounate akhâmjou mabangin ei Zou,Paite,Simte,Vaiphei,Lushei,Tedim-Chin,Gangte leh adangdangte laha zong hâm tângpi khat ana piengdoh leh ana lêngkhedoh taleh kilawm mama ahi. Hinanlehzong, Manghâm bangin i hâm kinâite na khanglien khata sih hi.
Tuni’n ‘Towel of Babel’ kigên mabangin i gam u’ah hâm chituomtuom dânin i ding chietta uhhi.
Tuajiehin,tunia I kikupna uh thulu ahileh I hâmte uh ousohâm ahijiehin Missionaryte a’ng na pieh ‘lâi’ leh ‘lâigieldânte’ pên I hâm sung u’a thuteng ophawi leh osuote toh akituoh na’i? chia etthakia di’a hoi ka sah jiehin ka thei khomkhom in ka’ng tâlang hi.
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Hâm manphatdân
Mihing khat in amimal khankhietdân leh ama gamtatdân dungjui in hâm ajang hi. Aneulâi apata alet tan in atheidohte toh kizawitawn in hâm azang let hi. Hâm hâusa leh hâm upa (guollui hâm) chite tam na mun mihing pawl sungah thuteng tampi anga hi. Mihingte maimai in mutheilou thamtheilou, lungsim sunga umte ngaituonate agênthei uhhi. Mihingte lungsim a um ngaituona leh lungsim toh kilebul silte zong a gênthei uhhi. Thugêntênate,kigêntênate kitêtuonate hâm hâusa lah a,mi khat apien leh ahâmzahdân khumi mihing pawl in apui hi.
Alelam ah hâmkhat sunga hâm upa(guollui hâm) hâmzahdânte suichien lei, theichien lei, tu-a mihingte hindân ngaidân tuotdân leitung mudân,nam peidân,khoheidân chite akitheithei dîng hi. Hâm khatpou khu thugênna thukupna thumopna leh kigênna guoh a kijang hilou in leitung i damsung a i theinate guoltupna in akijang hi.
Hâm kichi thu leh late,tanchin,thuthang guoh gênna ngen hilouin eim leh eima kigênna in zong akizang zêl hi. Lungnopna, lungthahna, lungzuonna,lunggimna chinteng gêndohna leh pulahna in a kimang let hi. Leitung i mudân, i chiemte dânte leh i ngaisut dânte leh i tuot dânte apui hi. Hâm in leitung a, i hindân leh leitung i mudânte uh ahing theisah hi. Theina, muna, tuotdân khu hâmpawl tuomtuom ah atuomtuom in apou let hi. Ahâmdân dungjuiin mite’n atuotdân a mudân leh a theidân anga let uhhi. Mihiemsuisiemte’n agêndân in, tam leitung hâm tampi a um hi. Hâm khat poupou in khu mihing mudân apui a apiendân apui juia, agêndânte apui hi.
Hâm jousie’n mihingte ngaituodân, umdân gêndân chite asukha hi. Mihingte lungsim ngaituona,ngaituodân kibahlouna khu hâm kibahlou jieh ahi. Hâmzahdân khovêl updân leh tuotdân zong hâm tuomtuom ah atuom up hi. Hâm in mihingte apawl upna ah lemtah leh kituohtahin ahingsahthei hi. Kituona dîngin hâm khat apoimaw hi.
Hâm zilna apatin eima mimal ngâidân maimai didhdân leh midangte dihloudân ngâidân i puohte uh i sumangthei dîng uhhi. Eima silbawldânte tawndânte maimai dih kisahpina leh kipâupêngpinate i hasuothei pan dîng hi. Eima leh eima maimai kidihsahna leh midangte dih sahlouna tualeh dihloutaha i muna pên hâm zilna apatin i subeithei dîng uhhi.
Lungsim nêunate ,kisahtheinate leh eima maimai mihina kiletsahpi leh kingâisângpi maimai a i ngaisutnate uh abeitheita dîng hi. Tam hâm zilna apatin midangte ngaituodân tawndân peidân chite i theithei hi. Hâm zilna neite’n midangte hâm pên simmawna lungtang toh a ensih dîng hi. Hâm in i lungsim ngaisutdân athuzawthei hi.
Hâm kichi pên tawndân toh kibang in i gêlthei uhhi. Ajieh ahileh hâm apatin mihing hina achien leh achienlou akithei khenthei hi. Tuajieh in hâm khu tawndân siengset chia zong minvawthei ahi. Hâm pên mihing pawlkhatte updân leh tawndân tângpi akawmu leh akêm hi. Tawndân kêmbittu khu hâmzah ahi. Tângthu-tuonthu leh sahkhuo biehdânte khu hâm in ana puo a,tualeh ana kêmbit hi. I hinsung un hâm i hâjah mama hi. I tou ,i din leh zong kamteng/thutengte, i ha leh zong thuteng/kamteng; i hieng i sante toh kihouna in hâm i zang let hi. I lawm i guol toh i kihou chiengin hâm akijang hi. I damsung a i mute uh hâm tellou a, akhietna minlou ahi.
Sing leh suong min, nâtate min, pâhte min,gam min, sate min, vasate min, antelouhingte min, chite khu hâm tellou a, i gêndân leh i theina uh bukimlou ahi.
Hâm apata athutengte i matchien malâisie tuate pên eima mimal lungtang sunga um maimai leh têng maimai ahigiap a , i lungsim ahing khoithei sih hi. Hâm pên theinate,kihoutuona khutlâi/vanjah khat ahi. Hâm hih nasepna khutlâi leh vanjah ahi.
Kihenêmna,kisolna,kihâuthângna, kilungthahsuona, kidêhna,kigâlna khu hâm apata hing kipankhie ahi.
Pawlpi sunga hâm nasep masapên ahileh; mi leh mi nasepton theina, tualeh kihoutheinate piengsah,tualeh kihuotnate leh kimudânate kiemsah ahi. Hâm theina in mihingte lungsim peidânte leh pawl sunga mite ngaituona atheisah thei hi. Hâm leh mihing hindân kikhenthei lou ahi. Hâm kichi mihingte tawndân khat ahi. Hâm in khoheidân leh tawndân akawh hi. Tawndân tângthu zong a ensah hi.
Hâm in nam khat tângthu tuon thu a’ng hilchienthei hi. Hâmzahdân apatin mihingte ahing puodohna uh leh ahing mênkhietna uh akinua suithei zêl hi. Hâmzahdân tuomtuom apatin mihingte hing kipatkhietna leh akinâidân uh akisuichienthei a tualehzong akimuchienthei hi.
Hâm khu suikhietthei ahia,pilna dangte banga sutthei khenkhietthei tualeh têthei apei dân tângpi khat mukhietthei tualeh dân bawl thei ahi. Hâm in nam îtna zong atunthei tham a, nam khat a’ng hât chiengin ahâm uh zong ahing kithêjâh a,mite’n zong ahing thei simkuom u’a, tuachiin ahing khangtou hi. Europe gam a, nambing neu tampite’n a nam chiet uh ahing puotha lâi un, ahâm chiet uh ahing ngâi poimaw u’a tualeh ahing puothakia chiet u’a ahing ziltha chiet uhhi.
Hâmzahdân apatin nam khat hina, mi khat hina, sa khat hina akawmu a ahing hilchien hi. Hâm in pawl hina khu akêm zing uhhi. Magyar mângte’n Magyar hâm atheinawnta sih u’a atheilou jiehun Hungary Innpi sungah Latin kam in thu agên let uhhi. Ajieh ahileh German theinasasa in,zong khumi German kam a zang ût sih uhhi. Tuachi in, Magyar,Irish,Lithunia, leh nam dangdangte’n kumza hun sungin amauh kam uh a kipuotha chiet u’a tuachiin, a khangtousah uhhi.
Kum tûlli(4000) vâl mangthang Hebrew hâm pên Israelte’n ahing puotha kia uha, tu’nle Israel gam ah Hebrew University a omta a, mi tampite’n Hebrew hâm a zilthakia u’a athei ta uhhi. Hebrew pên Israelte Official language(Hâmpi) in a zang ta uhhi. Hâm shisate ahing hindohthei apata i thei dîng khat uh ahileh,hâm puotha leh kepbit a poimawdân akimuchien hi.
Lâisiengthou sungah zong a kimukhie hi. Israelte’n Jordan luipi akân lâi un Gileadite’n ‘Sibboleth’chi pouma miteng khu a thatliata u’a, nânleh ‘Shibboleth’chi miteng khu a hinkhawi uhhi. Hâm ahileh mihing lungsim leh ngaituona ahi.
Thuteng poimawte:
abailam=simple
Mipawl honkhat ham kibang sim kizangkhawm khu Hâmpawl akichi hi.Hâmpawl ahileh; thagumsengte pawl,zatou pawl, nurse pawl,nupi pawl,papi pawl,khanglai pawl, leh adangdang inn kuon khat chiet zong hampawl khat nei uhhi. I mimal in zong eima ham tuom i kinei chiet hi.Tuami zong hamneu chi khat ahi.
Hâm leh ahina:
i)Hâm in osuo pawlte anei hi. Mihingte'n osuo pawl te; A, W,E,Ê,I,Î,O; anei uhhi.
Mi chithamlouin sate in zong osuo pawlte akihouna u'ah ajang let uhhi. Ahivangin khuoite in atahsa piadante uh khu akihouna ham danin ajang uhhi
ii)Hâm ahileh dânbei leh magêntheilou ahi.
Hâm kichi pen danbei zong chithei ahi veve hi. Amathuthu a kihengthei mawh ahi.
Ahun leh amun dungjui a thutengte kihengheng thei zel ahi.
Etsahna in; haàhla,kha,lha,thla in akihengthei hi, hengà1heng,kheng, suhàsuk, hangàang,hing,hung,hong in akihengthei a,hangàkhang,lhang,hlang in zong akihengthei hi. Agentena in, 'Inn nga' pen 'Inn ngate' zong akichi thei veve hi.
Bawngte zong bawnghon chithei ahi. Amahaw ahisihleh amauh khu amaute zong akichi thei ahi. Innsung khat khu tapa tapen min in akihanthei hi. Etsahna in ; Khensuonthangte, Khupkhopaute,Lampute,Tanpute, a kichi chienga innsung khat gênna in akijang let hi.
Hâm kichi magêntheilou tualeh amathu a piengthei ahi. Hâm uplouna mun ah mihing
khat khangkheta leh tuapa pên ahâmthei mawngmawng sih ding hi. Tuajieha ham pen mihing
hina melchina/chiemtena chikhat ahia,amathuthu a pieng i chi khu mihing hina pawl dan toh kizawitawn zel hi. Ganhingte pen heimapou ah khangkhe leh zong apienpi kihouna uh pen
pienpi akinei leng uhhi. Ngeunou khat in 'miao' khara khara ra ra............. achi pen
khangsawm khangza kivei kivielle lehzong 'miao' achi thou veve ding hi.
Ajieh ahileh ama'n apienpi kam ahi hi. Ahivangin,mihing khat pên etsahna in Manipur gam ah khangliensah tamalei Manipuri[Meitei] hâm asiem dinga, London ah khangkhesah lei Manghâm asiem dinga Delhi khopi ah khangkhesah lei Hindi hâm asiem dinga,Aizawl ah pieng taleh Lushei hâm asiem ding hi.
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Ahinlah,mihing khat khu hampawl khatbeh lah ah khanglien sihta leh, tua mihing in ham kichi mawngmawng teng khatbeh zong azangthei sih ding hi. Tuajieha ham hih mihing hina jieha hing om ahibou hi chi akithei hi. Lungthah chienga hâmsâng, osie suo, hâmnem, khutledân osuodân chite zong upate apata kizilthu ngentang ahi.
iii)Ham in kiguoldan kitup anei zel hi. Hâm kichi aguong khat nei in akiguollet hi. Tuate in avelvel a mu sawnsawn chiengin atun tawng khat i mu leh zong ahonpi a dindan ding
akitheithei hi. Etsahna: Thuguiching bukimlou khat en vai; Khuppu____sum____hi.
Tamnah, a awngte suhdimna ding thuteng tampi aum ding hi.
Khatna ah; A awng sungah zoptu koithei ahia,a awng nina ah nasêm koithei ahi. Tuachiin, thuguiching ; Khuppu in sum pie hi.
Nina ah; A awng sungah minlawna koithei ahia,anina ah zemtu,nasem kikoithei ahi. Tuachiin,Khuppu naupa'n sum tampi anei hi.
(iv)Hâm khu adandan in apawlpawl in akikhen a,abailamlam in akikhenkhe sushsuh zel hi. Etsahna in; Minlawna thuteng 'Ganhing' khu chi tuotuom a omthei hi.
Ganhing ahileh :- tui ganhing,leitung ganhing, vanlai ganhing
Leitung a apiathei hinna nei sil poupou ganhing akichi hi. Ganhing in minlawna nempite akawmu hi. Hâm khat poupou sungah minlawnate leh nasêmte atuom dan in, i koi let uh hi. Pawl khat in van silte thaheng in apang u'a, pawlkhat in silpiengte thaheng in apang uhhi.
v)Hâm in chiemtena hon leh akhietna anei hi.
Mihingte vanjah,silte,chiemtenate khu osuote toh ana kisutuo a,ana kijang zel a,tuachiin hâm asuoh hi. Hâm kichi pen mihingte in upate apata azildoh uh ahibou hi. Hâm pen akilatuo toutou let ahi. Ui in apu osuodan ajahjah chiengin bang agenna e ? chi atheithei hi.Tua khu apu hâm chiemtena hon apata a abawl ding leh a up ding dan atheithei ahi.
vi)Hâm in sil umloute zong agenthei hi.
Mihingte'n sil urn leh umloute zong kihoulimna un azangthei uhhi. Sil umlou,sil atuokhahloupi uh zong athuteng in nasatahin atuokhah ngeingei mabangun agenthei leng uhhi. Ahiloupi zong ahidanin agenthei uhhi. Tambanga sil umloute gendan khu Hâmsuonkhiet akichi hi. Tami hâmdan a mihing ahamthei jiehin mihing in apeisa khanglui silte tualeh ahingtung ding silte khuleh gamlapi a om silte thu khu agenthei let uhhi. Ajah khahlou silte zong agenthei uhhi. I Lungsimkhoi silkhat in thuteng dang ahing ngaituosah thei hi.
Etsahna in:- Thuteng 'lung' tami thuteng 'lung' khu mulou,thamlou,nah Iou in zong I lungsim in i theithei hi. I tahsa sukhalou in zong sil tampite i genchien thei uhhi. 'Lung' i gel apatin thei dangte i chiemte thei hi. Lungsim sukha khat apatin sil tampi akigeldoh hi.
Ham apatin silbawl tampi akibawlthei hi. Gamlapi a urn silte zong akingaituo thei zel a, tualeh adihna aki-enkhe let hi.
vii) Hâm abukim hi; Gennuom teng akigenthei hi. Kam in thuteng omlou zong aphuothei a,tualeh thuteng umsa zong aletthei hi.Vanlai zawla 'aeroplane' leng khat khu 'vanleng' lênna,khâimu,vânmu chi'n aphuothei hi. Tuola tai sil khat khu 'goutangkilia' chi'n aphuothei a,tualeh mei toh tai 'rail' khat khu 'meileng' chi'n aphuothei hi.
viii)Hâm dândih in apei hi. Hâm khat poupou in peidan khat chiet akinei hi. Mangham a thutengte kiguoldan leh Zouham a thutengte kiguoldan atuom chiet ahia, ama-ma
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kiguoldan chiet akinei uhhi.Etsahna in; Mânghâm in, 'I am going to school'; kawi khat ah thumasa hilchienna ding in ; 'Going to school am I' a kichi thei sih hi.Tabangin chitalei akhietna tuom khat akawhkia ta ding hi. Zouham in, 'Kei sang-inn ah ka pei ding hi.' chipen thumasa ma i gen nuom leh 'kei sang-inn pei ka hi ding' akichi thei sih hi. Tabangin chitalei,akhietna tuompi khat akawh hi. Hâm in thutengte kiguoldan dândih akinei hi.
Hâm kithezâhdân
Hâm pên hâmneu khat ahilouleh hâmneu tampi apata ahing piengkhie ahi. Thutengte,kamtengte ahilouleh kammalte athei dungjuiin mihing khat in hâmneu tampi zong athei kuom a,ahâm pên akipawlpi pawlhon zahdân dungjui in aheng let hi.
Mi khatpou in thuteng leh kammal athei dungjuiin hâm tampi zong athei kuom a,ahâm pen akipawlpi pawlhon zahdân dungjui in aheng let hi.
Hâm khat khu hâmneu hon laha patin ahing liendeu a ahing khangtou deu a, tuami pen hâm tangpiin ahing kijang hi. Tulaiin khopi sunga têng lâisiemte leh aneizoudeute hâmzah tangpiin lâigiel lam hita ven aw, apoimawna chinteng ah hâm in ahing mang uhhi. Asawt chiengin tua hâm zangte'n amahaw hâmzah pên hâm tahtah tualeh hâm piching dânin a'ng geldohta u'a tuachi'n hâm dangte klm angiemjaw leh amawljaw in atuot maita uhhi. Tuami hâm zangte in akiphatsahpi leh akiletsahpi uhhi.
Etsahna in; Khopi sunga têngte’n amaute hâm pên hâmzang dânin angaituo uhhi. Khopi pâm leh akîmvel tuom atêngte hâm khu amawljaw leh angiemjaw in atuot u’hi. Hâmneu tuomdeu dangkhat a hâmte pên hâm dihlou zang in asim uhhi.
Tuachiin hâm dangkhat a hâmte in hâm dihlou zang dânin in, alungsim sung u'ah, alungtang sung u'ah- kingamlana lungsim toh dim in hâm khangtoujaw dâna,angaituote uh,hâm athei sawm u'a, tuabanga hâm khangtoujaw a kingaisutte hâm azuisawm u'a, tuabang hâm zanga hâmte toh akihou chiengun amahaw hâmzah khu akizumpi ta mawh u'a tuachiin kingamlana lienpi toh kidim in hâm dang zangte toh ama ham gawmkhawm leh kaikhawm in ahâm zel uhhi. Zopa khat leh Lusheipa ahilouleh Meiteipa khat akihou chiengin tua Zopa'n ama hâm khu atuolkoi tadi phot a,khumi Lusheipa/Meiteipa hâm in maitheilou sasa in ahâm sawm a,amai suhthop let hi. Khum Meiteipa/Lusheipa in Zouhâm thei malehzong,ama Meitei/Lusheihâm main ahâm tinten sawm a,tualeh ama hâm akhangtoujaw dânin angaisut hi. Kingamlana lungsim beitheina dîngin lâisai pawlte mawpuohna lienpi um in ka thei hi. Tuajiehin,Zohâm tângpi khat khu sang-inn chinteng a i naupangte uh zilthasah lei hoiva.
ZOHÂM LEH HÂM DANGTE:
Zo,Meitei,Lushei/Mizo,Thado-Kuki,Tedim-Chin hâmte sunga thuteng kibangte:
Zohâm pên Tibeto-Burman hâmpawlte laha khat ahi. Tibeto-Burman laha zong Kuki-Chin hâmpawl ahi nawn hi. Tuate laha apat Northern Chin hâmpawl in akisimsuhkia hi. Tam hâmte khu atangpiin, ophawi/okaidan zui ngen ahi sim u'a tuachiin kamsuisiemite'n Tonal Language chiin athei uhhi. Zoham in okaihâm ahilouleh osuohâm kichi ahi. Tuamabangin Zouhâm zong ophawi/okaidân toh kizawitawn ngitnget ahijiehin Tonal language ahi.
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Kamsuisiemte'n hâm tuomtuomte; Zohâm,Thadouhâm,Lusheihâm,Tedimhâm,
Paitehâm,Simtehâm,Meiteihâm leh adgdgte pên hâmbulpi khat apata hing pieng
-khie leh lêngkhie ahi achi uhhi. Meiteihâm leh Lusheihâm,Thado-Kukihâm, Tedim-Chinhâm,Paitehâm enlei Zohâm sunga thutengte toh kibangchet thutengte tampi a um veve hi.
Etsahnate:-
Zo Meitei Lushei/ Thado-Kuki Tedim-Chin Paite/Simte Mânghâm
Mizo
Gam lam ram gam gam gam land
Gu saru ruh gu guh guh bone
Guh taruk paruk gup guk guk six
Inn yum/im inn inn inn inn house
Kêng khawng ke kêng khe khe feet
Khut khut kut khut khut khut hand
Kum kum/chahi kum kum kum kum year
Lam lam zawh lam lam lam lam road
Lei lei lei lei lei lei earth,tongue
Li mari pali li li li four
Lou lou lo(lou) lou lou lou field
Mai mai mai mai mai mai face
Mei mei mei mei mei mei fire
Mi mi mi mi mi mi man
Mit mit mit mit mit mit eye
Ni ani pani ni ni ni two
Nga manga panga nga nga nga five
Nupi nupi nula nupi nupi nupi girl
Pa pa pa pa pa pa father
Pu pu pu pu pu pu grandfather
Sa sa sa sa sa sa meat
Shi shi thi thi shi shi die,dead
Ta cha fa cha ta ta offspring
Vun vun vun vun vun vun skin
Zun zun zun zun zun zun urine
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ZOHÂM KIHLENDÂN:-
Hâm khat poupou khu ahun dungjuiin akihengthei let a,tualeh akhanglien thei hi.Hâm khat kihendân leh khanletdân tana anei ate jieh ahi:
(a)Tênna leh tawndân apata Hâm kihendân;thuteng kikhêldân leh Akihengte:
Hâm hasa apatin hâm bailam ah akiheng zêl hi. Hâm khat sunga athutengte khu abailamlam in akiheng zêl hi. Ahasa apatin abailam manaw in hâm akiheng zêl a, tuachiin asawt chiengin hâm tuomdeu khat ahing suohthei zel hi. Hâm kichi khu mihing pawl khat hing pienkhietdân tângthu leh tawndân chite dungjuia hing piengkhie ahi hi. Hâm kibang mihing pawl ahing kikhenkhah chiengun mun tuomtuom ah ahing têngta u'a, hunsawtpi ahing kivei chiengin akamtengte,athutengte,akammalte uh pawlkhat ahilouleh anempi ahing kiheng zêl hi. Tuachi dânin hâm tuomdeu khat hing pieng thei let ahi.
Akhangkhang in hâm pên akiheng leh akikhêl let ahi. Kammal pawlkhat ateng khat kipâi, ateng khat kiheng,kizeplut, ateng khat kibelap ahilouleh ateng ni kipâidoh chite ana um let a, tu'n zong a um nalâi dîng hi. Tabanga thuteng kihengte khu Akihengte(lnflections) akichi hi.
Etsahna in; Thuteng suoh ah laiteng 'h' akipai a 'suo' asuoh hi,suohàsuo; thuteng 'suh' ah laiteng 'h' khu 'k' in akiheng a 'suk' asuoh hi,suhàsuk; thuteng 'uh' ah laiteng 'v' kibelap 'vuh' asuoh hi,uhàvuh; thuteng 'hing' ah laiteng 'g' akipai a ‘hin' asuoh hi,hingàhin; ka kan dîngàka kang dîng,kan bân ah laiteng 'g' kibelap a kanàkang dîng; asuoh hi.
Zouhâm sungah 'Akihengte' nempi akijang nalâi hi. Simtehâm,Tedimhâm,Paitehâm sungah akihengte tampi akijangta sih hi. Etsahna; Zouhâm a; nasêm thuteng 'pang' apata minlawna akisiem chiengin 'g' akipaikhie a 'na' ahisihleh 'dan' khu atawpna ah akikoi a, tuachiin minlawna 'panna', 'pandân' ahing suoh hi. Simtehâm sungah 'g' akipâidoh sih a, nasêm thuteng 'pang' ma akizang a minlawna akisiem chiengin 'pangna' pangdân ma in akizang hi. Tabangin,Simtehâm thuteng tampite in kihenna anei sih uhhi.
Etsahna in Simteham a thuteng kihengloute pawlkhat tam anei bang ahi:
Simtehâm:- Kangna, tungna, lengna, sangna, hongna, mangna leh adgdg
Tam atunga thutengte Zouhâm in anei a bangin akiheng zêl uhhi:
Kanna,tuna,lenna,sanna,honna leh adgdg
Zouham apata Simtehâm thuteng suohdoh leh kiheng pawlkhatte:
hingàhung;ka’ngàku’ng;vangàning;mahàmaw;sihvaàsi;vaiàni,
uh amahàuvam; uoiàviei leh adgdgte tampi a um nalai hi.
Akihengte atam jiehin Zouhâm hasa mama akisa chiet hi. Lusheihâm,Tedimhâm, Paitehâm sungah akihengte atawm mama hi.
Tuajiehin tam hâmte pên Zouhâm sângin atheinop leh atheibaijaw hi. Tawndânte pên abailam apatin ahasa lam ah aluttoutou zêl hi. Ahivangin,hâm pên ahasa apatin abailam lam anawtjaw hi. Hâm pawlkhat sungah thuteng akihen chiengin akibang in akibânhen let uhhi.
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Zouhâm sungah tunai apeisa kum 30-40 sung maimai in zong akihengte tampi apiengkheta hi; Etsahna in:-
tanahàhiah; khunahàhuah; tamàhi; tamiàhimi; uhàvuh; hingàang; hangàhing; ingàung; kungàkang; ku’ngàk’ang; nungànang;amahàamaw izoài leh adgdgte ahi.
Lusheihâm,Sizanghâm,Tedimhâm,Simtehâm,Paitehâm chite lah ah Zouhâm thuteng
tampite ana kizeplut hi.Tuamabangin Zouhâm sungah zong hâm tuomtuomte thutengte
ahing kizeplut thei zêl hi. Kum tampi apata mihing pawlte ana kijopkhawm tâhlou jiehin
ham tuomtuom dânin ana kingaituo leng hi.
(b )Lâigieldân jiehin hâm akihengthei hi.
Tualâi hun in, Lâigieldân jiehin thutengte/kamtengte zong akiheng lamdang deudeuta hi. Tunidongin,Mikâng missionaryte lâigieldân ahingpieh pên uh 'I sumkuon chiengpê
nalai u'a’ tualeh i pomkip jiehun tuniin i thutengte uh tampi akiheng sieng gawpta hi. I chisa mabang un Zouhâm pên osuohâm ahi hi. I kam u'a, i ginsah uh atuomdeu a, i khut a i gieldoh uh, atuomdeu in akilangta hi. I kam a, i lawdoh(gêndoh) thuteng/kamteng ging leh i khut u'a, i gielkhiet uh thuteng tampi akibangta sih hi.
Zouhâm a kammal 'uo' pen Tedimhâm in kammal 'ua' dânin akijang hi
Tuachiin zong kammal 'uoh' pên Tedimhâm in kammal 'uak' dânin akijang hi.
Zouhâm a 'suoh' thuteng khu Tedim/Paite hâm in 'suak' dânin ana kigingsah a,Lusheihâm in 'chhuak' in akigiel a,Hmarhâm in 'chhuok' chi'n akigiel a,tualeh akilou zêl hi.
Tuachiin, Zouhâm apataàTedimhâm a, thutengte kihendân tambang ahi; huoàhua,zuopaàzuapa,suohàsuak,tuohàtuak,thuohàthuak,Puohàpuak,
kuomàkuam,nuomànuam,luongàluang,suongàsuang,tuolàtual, muonàmuan,
suoàsuan,tuonàtuan, kuongàkuang,puongàpuang leh adgdgte asuoh hi.
Zouhâm a lâitengte 'ch' pên Tedimhâm in 'c' ahia, chàc.
Zouhâm a kammal 'ie' pên Tedim/Paitehâm in kammal 'ia' dânin akijang hi.
Zouhâm a thuteng 'lien' khu Tedim/Paite/Simtehâm in 'lian' chiin akigiel a,'li+an' chiin akigingsah hi.
Etsahna in; Upa khat in thuteng khat; 'chieng' achi chiengin 'chi'+eng' ma in a ophawi agingsah nalâilâi hi. Ahivangin, agiel chiengin 'chiang' chi in agiellet hi. Tami in 'chi+ang' chi in ophawi agingsah hi. Tuachiin sangnaupangte'n sanglai sungah ahing zil chiengun 'chieng' chia lam ding hinapi'n akawilam in 'chiang' chiin akisimsah u'a tuachiin, a'ng hâm chiengun 'chi+ang' chiin alouta leng uhhi.
Tambangin, thuteng/kamteng tampi lâigieldân jiehin akiheng lamdanga, Zouhâm ophawi gilte nempi ana kiheng khata hi. Tambanga,thuteng kiheng lamdangte enta lei, khun; Simtehâm,Tedimhâm,Paitehâm sungah atam dieh hi. Simtehâm sungah Zouhâm apata akila thuteng kitheichien khat ahileh 'diei' ahi, tami 'di+ei' ophawi a, ging pên khu 'diai' chiin akigiel a, tuachiin akilaw chiengin 'di+ai' chiin akigingsah a, akilou let hi.
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Tuachiin,Zouhâm a thutengte 'chie,chien,chieng,chiet,kie,khie,lie,lien,
lieng,nien,nieng, phiengsan, pien, pieng,sie,sien,sieng,siel,siem,siet,sietna chite khu Paitehâm leh Simtehâm in 'chia,chian,chiang,chiat,kia,khia,lia,lian,
liang,nian,niang phiangsan, pian,piang,sia,sian,siang,sial,siam,siat,siatna asuoh a,
Tedimhâm in 'cia, cian, ciang, ciat, kia, khia,lia,lian,
liang,nian,niang,phiangsan,pian,piang,sia,sian,siang,sial,siam,siat,siatna chite asuoh leuleu hi.
Thado-Kukihâm in 'chie,chên, têng, chet, khe ,khe, le, lên,
lêng, nên, nêng, phengsan, pên, pêng, se, thên, thêng,sel,thêm, set,setna asuoh uhhi.
Zo tehsete toh ka kihoulim chiengin a osuo/ophawidân hoitahin ka ngaichien zêl hi. Atangpiin têhsete osuo/ophawidân apatin ‘ua’ leh ‘ia’ sângin 'uo' leh 'ie' gindân apawtjaw leh aluongjaw in ka theithei hi.
Zouhâm a sie pên Tedimhâm in sia chiin akigiel a,Zouham a sietnaàTedimhâm in siatna chiin akigiel a,Zouhâm a siengàTedimhâm in siang chiin akigiel a,Zouhâm a setaàTedimhâm in siata chiin akigiel a,pieàpia chiin akigiel a, petaàpiata chiin in akigiel a, pedingàpiading chi in akigiel a akilou a,kigingsah uhhi. Tam pên lâigieldân maimai jieha,thuteng tuomdân hing suoh ahibou a,tualeh akibanglou dânin a'ng kigêlta hi. Tambang thuteng pienkhietna pên lâigieldân jieh maimai ahibou a,tuachiin kum tampi jouin atuom dânin ahing kipomdohta hi.
(c)Kum sawtpi kidaitha,kikhenna,kichimatlouna jiehin hâm kihengthei tualeh atuomdeu piengthei hi. Mihing pawl kibahpite toh kichimatlouna jieh,kidâithana jieh,tênna munte kibahtâhlou jieh,tênna gamlât jieh,mun leh muol opdân kibahlou jieh, ahilouleh midangte toh kichimattuona jiehin zong hâm adanglamthei mawh hi. Kihoutuona leh kikhenna asawttâh jiehin kumtampi kikamtuo nawlouta jiehin hâmtuom ahing lêngkhethei hi.
Mexico gam a Spanish khotaneu khat sunga amite hâm khu Latin toh akibang sim nalâi a,ahivangin Latin hâm tahtah lah hituonlou,nanleh Latin thuteng tampi amaute hâm sung ah azeplut u'a azang nalâi uhhi.
Kum sawtpi mihing apawl kibahpite toh akichimattuo tâhlou jiehun amaute lahah hâmtuom khat apieng a,tuachiin hâmdang khat nei asuoh uhhi. Hinanleh,amaute hâm sungah Latin thuteng lui tampi atel veve hi.
Zouhâm sunga thutengte tam,tami,tanah khu hi,himi,hiai,hiah,chite khu kum zanga(500) masang tuom a ana kiheng hidînga gintâthuoi ahi.
Tuachiin; hang khuàan,hing,hong,hung, a ana kiheng hidîng dâna gintât ahi. Thuteng hang sunga h leh g lâitengte akipaikhiet leh 'an' suoh hi. Tami thuteng 'an' pên Lusheihâm thuteng ahia, tapên hang,hing,hong,hung china toh kibang veve dân a kisimthei ahi hi.
Zouhâm sunga thuteng 'sih' khu hih,suh, kei a ana kiheng hidînga gintathuoi ahi.
Zouhâm a lâiteng 's' ahilouleh 't' khu ana kihengkha a,Lushei/Hmarhâm in 'chh' in gindân in ana kigingsahta hi. Tuachiin, 'suoh' khu 'chhuok[chhuak]' asuohta a, 'tou' pên chho[chhou] asuohta hi.
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Zouhâm sunga lâiteng 'g' khu Lushei/Hmarhâm in 'r' gindân in ana kigingsah hi.
Tuachiin thuteng 'gou[go]' chipên 'rou[ro] chiin akigingsah hi. Zouhâm a lâitengte 's' 'sh' gindân khu Lushei/Hmarhâm ah 'th' gindan in akigingsahta a,tuachiin thuteng 'sing' khu 'thing' asuohta hi. Tabangma in Zouhâm a lâitengte 's,sh' khu Thadou-Kukihâm in 'th' ahilouleh 'h' gindânin akigingsah a, tuachiin 'sing' khu 'thing' chiin akilou a; tualeh 'sih' khu 'hih' chiin zong akigingsah hi.
Lusheihâm leh Tedimhâm,Simtehâm,Paitehâm sungah thuteng tawpna lamah nâhkuogin 'h' khu akihâman mama hi. Zouhâm a tha(new) khu Simte/Thadou hâm in 'thah' chiin akigiel a, tualeh akilou a, tuachiin Zouhâm a thuteng dei à khu Tedim/Paite
/Simtehâm in deih asuoh a, kaiàkaih asuoh a,daiàdaih asuoh a,theiàtheih asuoh a,ngilàngilh asuoh a,hilàhilh asuoh a,mamaàmahmah asuoh a,ngaiàngaih asuoh a,
tualeh leh adgdgte zong aum hi.
Tualeh,Zouhâm a thutengte; 'mun,ngal,mal,ngil'chite khu Lusheihâm in'hmun,nghal,hmar,nghil' asuohhi.
Oging 'i' khu oging 'u' in akihengtuo uhhi. Tuachiin,Zouhâm a 'sih' khu Lusheihâm in'suh' asuoh hi.
Tuachiin; hingàhung a'ng suoh hi.
Oging 'a' khu oging 'i,o,u' in akihengtuo u'a tuachiin; thuteng hang khuàhing,hong,hung, suoh zel ahi.
Zouhâm a odâi lâiteng 'h' pouma a, tawpte pên Tedim/Paitehâm in ‘k' ah atawp zêl hi.Alelam zong ahithei veve hi.
Tuachiin, mahàmak,lahà1ak,pahàpak,sahàsak,tahàtak,suohàsuok,tuohàtuok,
thuohàthuok,puohàpuok, suhàsuk,tuhàtuk,thuhàthuk asuoh hi.
Tamte pên tênna gamlât jieh,kum tampi ana kichimattuo tâhloujieh u'a hichi banga hâm ogindân tuom hing piengdoh ahibou hi. Zouhâm zang mihing pawlte lah ah zong atênna uh ana kibahtâh lou jiehun ahâmteng/kamteng/thutengte uh ana kiheng manta hi.
(d)Hâm kihen mihing ngaina
Mihingte'n atênna khuo leh tui hâm azui u'a athei sawm uhhi. Tami khu mihing piendân ngaina ahi. Akhuo-leh-tuite'n apomthei nadîngin tua khomite hâmdân athaw u’a azui zêl uhhi.
Etsahna in; Zoupa khat Tedimhâm ahilouleh Paitehâm ahisihleh Simtehâm na khuo khat ah vatêng taleh tua khomite pomthei nadîngin tuapa khu akhomite(amaute) hâm dândânin ahâmsawm dînga,athaw dînga tuachiin kum tampi nua chiengin khum khomite hâm azui a,tualeh apomta dînga, ama hâm apâita ding hi. Nanleh, ama hâmlui sunga thuteng tampi ahing polut dînga tuachiin hâmtha azangta dîng hi. Tua khomite hâm sunga thuteng kibelap sawn asuoh hi.
Tuachiin awl-awlnou in kum tampi ahing kiveijou chiengin hâmtha khat ahing piengkheta dînga tualeh ama hâmlui toh kibang sênglou khat ahing piengkhie hi. Ahilouleh, hâmtha vilvel khat apiengkhethei hi.
Zouhâm apata hâm tuomtuomte; Tedim,Paite,Simte,Vaiphei,Gangte,Thangkhâl,
Khuongnung chite leh adgdgte hing piengkhie hiva chithu upate'n agintât uh thute agên zê uhhi.
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Nam khat hâm sunga thutengte akithejâh a,tuachia hâm kinâi namte pawl lah ah zah in ahing umthei hi. Theiloukâl in, mihingte'n angâisâng mihing pawlkhatte piendân hâmdân leh a tawndân uh dangdangte ana mêlchi u'a tualeh azuisawm uhhi. Thutengte pawlkhat khu akingâisângte apatin akawm zêl uhhi.
Tuachiin,Lusheihâm a thuteng kikawm khat ahileh 'fel’ ahia, Zouhâm in 'taima' china ahi. Tuachiin nichin hâmzah in amangta uhhi. Tuamabangin,tawmngaina,mangai,chanchin,theibufai,chawm,chang,changkang,manmaw,maw,fuh chite ahing kikawmta a, nichin âm na u'ah azang zêl ta uhhi. Tuachiin Zouhâm thutengte apung sêmsêm hi. Zouhâm apatin hâm dangdangte in nal leh hoi asah uh thutengte akawm u'a amahaw'a bangin azang let uhhi.
Etsahna in; sengseng, diei,dieldiel,vawi,kalaisai chite ahi.
Zouhâm kizahdân
Namkai,Gamkai,Khokai,Vêngkai, hâmneute chituomtuom a um hi.Hâmzahdân chi tuomtuom a um hi. Kammal leh thuteng kibang himananleh akhietna leh akawmu tuomtuom a umthei thou hi. UK gam ah 'Comprimise' akijah chiengleh thuteng hoi lampang in akimang hi. Mi kingaingiem gênna in akijang let hi. Compromise chipên kilemna,kituona china in akila hi.
Ahivangin,USA gam ah 'Compromise' thuteng akijah leh, eima mimal manna lampang akawmu leuleu hi. 'Compromise' thuteng khu manna,thalkiana,jawlana,supna lampang in akila hi. UK gam ah ahoi lam in akijang a, USA gam ah supna leh aselam in akijang hi. Ahivangin, azangte'n ahâmte uh akibang in asim nawn sih uhhi.
Hâm jattuomdân leh kibahlouna Zou nam khat chikhat zat khat sungah zong a umthei veve hi. Khatveivei leh agamgi akitheikhen tuon sihhi. Okaidân tuomtuom a um a,tuate dungjui in hâmzahdân akitheithei pan hi. Asâng,angiem,a ul,atoukai,khiehsuh,tanggen,
hâmkhau,hâmnem, chite a um guol hi. Zouhâm khu osuohâm ahijiehin asaukai/saulam,
atomlam/atomkai, akhiehsuh, atoukai thutengte/kamtengte aum hi.
Tawndân kibang sung khat ah zong pawl khatte'n hâm tuomdeu hâmneute azang uhhi. Hâm apatin mi vêng, mi nam, mi khuo mi hina mi hing puona chite akitheithei hi. Hâm khat sunga patin zong hâmzahdân tuomtuom leh hâmneute a um a, tuate apatin; Ama ; Sugnute,Singtomte,Singngatte,Phaitute,Gamngaite, Tonzangte,Khodaite,Kanante,
Behiengte,Hiengtamte,Khaukuolte leh adgdg, chiin akikhenthei nalâi ahi.
Khuo leh khuo hâm sungah zong thutengte a unpi in akibang sieng sih hi. Khokhat sungah hâmteleu,hâmleng,hâmsawi,hâmneu chite a um thei veve hi. Zou sungah zong ama Hâidawi hâm a hâm, ama Thangkhâl hâm a hâm, ama Khuongnung hâm a hâm, ama Khodâi hâm a hâm chite a umthei veve hi. Tuachiin Lamka Zou, Gunpang Zou, Sugnu Zou,Singngat Zou,Tonjang Zou,Kawlgam Zou chite hâmpawl tuomtuom umdân in akilangsah hi. Himalehzong, Zouhâm kibang tângpi khat aum a, khum thutengte'n nam khathina leh tawndânte akêmbit a,tuachiin hâmdangte'n akivaltumsah sih uhhi. Atangpiin, guollui hâm leh hâm-upa te'n hâmbul thutengte akêmbit u'a ahina uh leh atawndân uh asuhing uhhi. Atangpiin,enta lei, tunidongin Zou sungah hâm zahdân akibang diemdiem veve nalâi hi. Zoulate enkia lei hâm thakhat hidân akilang sêm hi.
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Zouhâm zahdân tuomtuomte leh Zouhâm thuteng kibanglou hinanleh akhietna kibang pawlkhat en vai:
Topa,tunou,tami,tam,tan,tanah,pâh; àSugnu leh Gunpang suhlangte'n,hinanleh, mi pawikhattte'n 'Mangpa,belam' zong azang panta veve uhhi.
Mangpa,belam,hi,himi,hiah,kawt àSingngat tangtou leh Lamka lamte'n azang uh hi.
Sugnu langte'n tami,tam,tana,tanah,izo,i,om,ahikhu,akhula chite atangpiin azang let uhhi.
Lamka lamte'n hi,hiah,huah,maw,mawleh,um,avele,ave chite azang let uha,hinanleh thu-leh-late agiel chiengun tam,tami,tana,tanah thutengte azang veve uhhi.
Sugnu langte'n 'ei panpi in ' achi let u'a, Lamka lamte'm 'hing/hung panpi in' achi zêl uhhi. Sugnu langte'n 'nei kithuopi diei? achi let u'a, Lamka lamte'n 'nang kithuopi diei? achi leng uhhi.
Kinousietnate zong aunpi in, akibang kim sihhi.
Sugnu langte'n na ngap ei ? achi u'a,Lamka lamte'n: na ut maw? achi uhhi.
Sugnu langte'n kikhutsa vai achi let u'a Lamka lamte'n kichibai vâi achi zêl uhhi.
Gungpang - suh in 'dam lai maw mataw? Sugnu langte'n 'na damdam na'i' achi let u'a,Lamka lamte'n 'na dam zêl maw’ ahisihleh ‘na dam zêl ei' achi leng uhhi..
Lamka lamte'n 'hing' sângin 'hung' ahâjah jaw uhhi. Hing leh dam thutengte kawmu akibang a lamka lamte theidan in 'shilou' china ahi. Etsahna in; 'Na pa adam na'i? achi chiengun 'na pa ahing na'i? china ahi. Sugnu langte theidanin 'Na pa adam na'i? achi chiengun 'Na pa ahat na'i ? china tobangin akijang hi. Tualeh natna neilou lampang toh kisai in akijang hi. Tualeh, Zouhâm a, ophawi osuote bangin hâmdangte in thutengte anei sih uhhi. Zouhâm a, osiesuo agildân ahuoisietdân pên hâmdang khata osie agildân leh ahuoisietdânte akibangthei mawngmawng sih hi. Osiehâm zong agamkai,vêng,khuo kaidân dungjuiin akibangkim sih hi.
Lâibusutna leh Lâi Siengthou silbawtheinate
Kum 1475AD kum in William Caxton in lâibusutna(printing press) abawlkhiet apatin Mangkam in kikhêlna tampi anei na lâi hi. Tami lâibu sutna jiehin lâibu mantam tampi mantawmtahin ahing kisunkheta a, ahing kisujauta a, mi tampite’n lâibu ahing simtheita hi. Lâi sutna khawl in Lâisimthei leh gielthei mite ahing pung deudeu a,khuchiin hâm tângpi jahthei ahing piengkheta a, hâm kibahlouna te ahing kiem deudeu a, Hâm kammalteng ahing gawmkhawm thei hi. Lâigieldân asukhanglien mama a, lâiteng zahdân kibahna ahing tun hi. Lâibusutna jiehin kamzah,hâmneute tuomtuomte ahing kigawmkhawm thei hi.
Hâm kikhietna zong asukiem jouta hi. Lâigieldân leh lâiteng zahdân a’ng kibang thei ta hi. Lâibusutna in Lâiteng kibahsahna a’ng tun hi. Hâm kibahlounate khanletna a khâm hi.Mangkam ahing khanglien a tuni’n leitung aluodim phielta hi.
Singtangmite kikhenna; Missionaryte hing pieh Roman lâi ahi.
Tu’nle hâm leh lâigieldân tungtang kikum khawm va ui;
Lâigieldân in hâmdân leh hâmzahdân asuhdihthei a,ahilouleh asulamdangthei hi. Lâisiemte lâigielte khu hâm bublpi leh sutpi dânin akigêl hi. Lâigieldân pên hâmguong khat toh akibultuo leh akhietna umthei pan ahi. Tuajiehin hâm chipên ahileh osuo pawlte ahi. Osuote pên mit a, muthei chiemtêna khuoilumei phêng tung ,electric meiphe ahisihleh khutsut chite apata kisuothei ahi.
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Tuachiin, lâigieldân leh hâmzahdân pên gielkhiet apata hing mêngdoh leh piengkhethei in akithei hi. Hâm khatpoupou sunga kamteng/thuteng,ophawidân,osuo khietdânte khu lâigieldân in abukimsah theichet sih hi.
Missionaryte’n lâigieldân a’ng pieh u’a kipan in thuteng/kamteng akikhietna uh tampite a piengta hi.
Missionaryte’n lâigieldân a’ng pieh u’a kipan in hâm kibangte zong hâm tuomtuom dânin ahing kigielkhie a hâm kibang nalâi pipi zong Missionary luite’n lâigieldân tuomtuom ana pieh jiehun hâm kibang lâi mipawlte zong hâm kibanglou dânin ahing piengkhie hi.
Singtangmite laha Bible a’ng lekhedoh chiet u’a, ahing kisutjou apatin lâiteng zahdân tuomtuom ahing kijang chiet a, tuachiin hâm tampi ahing piengkhe dânin akitheita a,tuachiin nam tuomtuom hâm dânin,amauh theitawh in ahing kituomkoi chietta uhhi.
Bible in Manghâm leh Mangkangte agawmkhawm joua,leitung pumpi ah Mângte in apang u’a,gam tampi ana luojou uhhi. Himaleh ei singtangmite pên Bible sut akuon in,lâigieldân lam ah a’ng kikhenjâhta uhhi.
Lâigieldân leh hâm kibahsahna ding lampang ana ngaisun khol sih u’a,tuachiin lâigieldân jiehin nam tuomtuomte ahing kimêlchi chietta uhhi. Tu’nle, Manipur gam sunga nam chia akigên chiengin hâm khat bulphu in nam akitheikhen zêl hi.
Zouhâm leh Simtehâm bang en lei, a ophawi uh kibang diedoi vethou ahivangin Simte Literature Lâigieldân pên Paite/Lushei/Tedim literature lâiteng zahdân aman jiehun Zouhâm toh akibang theita sih hi.
Tuachiin Tedim hâm leh Paitehâm thakhat hinapiin, himaleh missionaryte ana lâi pieh uh ana kibang lou ahimanin tuniin tategêl pên hâm tuomtuom dânin a om ta mawh hi. Mikâng Missionary masate ana Lâi pieh pên uh ana kibang kha ana hitaleh tuni’n tam hâm tegêl pên akitheikhenthei sih dînga,tuachiin hâm khat dânin ana kizil thei dîng hi. Himaleh Mikâng missionary masate’n Tedimte adîngin Lâi khat ana piengsah uh a, Lushei missionaryte’n Paite adîngin Lâi dang khat ana piengsah uh hi.Lâi kibang ana hitamahleh khanglien jawdîngin ka gingta hi.
Tuamabangin,Mikâng missionaryte’n Lusheite leh Hmarte Lâi tuomtuom ana pie uh a, tuni’n tam hâmte gêl pên atuomtuom dânin akitheikhenta hi. Duthusâm in tagêl bêh ana kibangta ngengngong uh leh a hâm uh khanglien mama vên maw!
Tu’nle, Missionaryte lâipieh tungtang kikum kia va ui:- English Medium school a khanglien ngen I hi jiehun, I hâm-leh-pâu uh, I sim chieng’n English okaidân[phonetic] I zang let uhhi. Mânghâm banga ei singtang hâm khat poupou pawl khat
[classI] apata I zillou uh ahijiehin sim hasa akisa thei chiet hi. Tua ahimanin ogingte zahdân I buoithei mama pai uhhi.
Tedim ,Paite,Simte leh adangdangte lâigieldân pên missionaryte ana pieh uh lâigieldân A,AW,B,CHAW…system jang uh chi’n khenkheta lei ,tam lâigieldân jiehin a osuo uh leh athutengte uh nempi ana kiheng chithei ahi.
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Etsahna in A,AW,B,CHAW system zangte’n ‘O’ pên ‘OU’ chi in agingsah uhhi.
Gêntena in tou pên to‘ chi’n asim u’a, lou pên lo; loh’ khu ‘lou’ chi in agingsah uhhi.
Hinanleh, India sunga A,B,C,CH,D,E…...Z, azang Zouhâm sungah khun ‘loh’ chipên Manghâm a kiledoh leh ‘shake,stir’ china ahibou hi.
A,AW,B,CHAW..system zangte’n Manghâm a ‘to fall’ agiel chiengun ‘kia’ chiin agiel let u’a ;hinanleh,a ophawi uh lah, ‘kie’ gin toh akinâi mama zêl hi. Mangkam a ‘bad’ khu ‘sia’ chiin agiel uha ‘pastor/teacher’ zong ‘sia’ chiin agiel gawp suh uhhi. Zouhâm a ‘bad’ chia akigiel chiengin ‘sie’ chiin akigiel leng hi. Zouhâm a ‘sia’ i chi chiengin Manghâm in ‘iron’ china ahibou hi. Ahilouleh, ‘sia’ chipên ‘sihva’ tomlam kawmuna khat ahi. ‘Sia’ zong Manghâm a ‘to wipe ‘ china ahi. Zouhâm in fastàsua chiin akigiel a,publish,openàsuo chiin akigiel hi.
A,AW,B,CHAW system zangte’n Manghâm a ‘gaur/mithun’ pên ‘sial’ chiin agiel uhhi. Zouhâm a ‘sial’ chipên Manghâm in ‘fox/jackal’ china ahibou hi. Ahilouleh, ‘sial’ khu ‘âhsi’=star china ahijaw hi.
Zouhâm a thuteng ‘kie’ khu Manghâm in ‘fall’ china in akizang hi. Ahivangin, Zouhâm sungah thuteng ‘kia’ i chi chiengin Mânghâm a ‘return,again’ china ahi. Manglâi toh hing khanglien mite’n kammal khat asim chiengun Manglâi sim bangin asim let uhhi.
Zouhâm in,tam atunga kigên thuteng kitheikhenna anei jiehin atuompouna akinei khinkhian hi. Tam atunga i gênte jiehin ei singtângmiteng hâm ahing tuom deudeuta hi.
Tambangin thuteng nempi khat kibahlouna ahing piengkheta hi.
Lâigieldân leh lâibusutna in Manghâm akhangliensah a,akibangsah a,ahi’nlah ei singtâng
mite lah ah, hâm kigamlâtna ahing tunjaw hi.
Lelam khat ah, tulâi huntha hun in, lâibusutna ahing up apatin hâm kinâite; Zou,Tedim-Chin,Paite,Simte,Vaiphei,Gangte,Lushei,Hmar,Thado-Kuki leh adangdangte lâigieldân ana kibangta maileh leh kilawm hia!.
Tualeh hâmneute na kigawmkhawm taleh kilawm hinapiin,tam lâibsutna jiehin ahâm apâu uh khu kigawmkhawm lehmah in,akigamla deudeu jawta hi.
Lâibusutna hing khanlet lâia Manghâm sunga hâmneu kibahlounate akhâmjou mabangin ei Zou,Paite,Simte,Vaiphei,Lushei,Tedim-Chin,Gangte leh adangdangte laha zong hâm tângpi khat ana piengdoh leh ana lêngkhedoh taleh kilawm mama ahi. Hinanlehzong, Manghâm bangin i hâm kinâite na khanglien khata sih hi.
Tuni’n ‘Towel of Babel’ kigên mabangin i gam u’ah hâm chituomtuom dânin i ding chietta uhhi.
Tuajiehin,tunia I kikupna uh thulu ahileh I hâmte uh ousohâm ahijiehin Missionaryte a’ng na pieh ‘lâi’ leh ‘lâigieldânte’ pên I hâm sung u’a thuteng ophawi leh osuote toh akituoh na’i? chia etthakia di’a hoi ka sah jiehin ka thei khomkhom in ka’ng tâlang hi.
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Hâm manphatdân
Mihing khat in amimal khankhietdân leh ama gamtatdân dungjui in hâm ajang hi. Aneulâi apata alet tan in atheidohte toh kizawitawn in hâm azang let hi. Hâm hâusa leh hâm upa (guollui hâm) chite tam na mun mihing pawl sungah thuteng tampi anga hi. Mihingte maimai in mutheilou thamtheilou, lungsim sunga umte ngaituonate agênthei uhhi. Mihingte lungsim a um ngaituona leh lungsim toh kilebul silte zong a gênthei uhhi. Thugêntênate,kigêntênate kitêtuonate hâm hâusa lah a,mi khat apien leh ahâmzahdân khumi mihing pawl in apui hi.
Alelam ah hâmkhat sunga hâm upa(guollui hâm) hâmzahdânte suichien lei, theichien lei, tu-a mihingte hindân ngaidân tuotdân leitung mudân,nam peidân,khoheidân chite akitheithei dîng hi. Hâm khatpou khu thugênna thukupna thumopna leh kigênna guoh a kijang hilou in leitung i damsung a i theinate guoltupna in akijang hi.
Hâm kichi thu leh late,tanchin,thuthang guoh gênna ngen hilouin eim leh eima kigênna in zong akizang zêl hi. Lungnopna, lungthahna, lungzuonna,lunggimna chinteng gêndohna leh pulahna in a kimang let hi. Leitung i mudân, i chiemte dânte leh i ngaisut dânte leh i tuot dânte apui hi. Hâm in leitung a, i hindân leh leitung i mudânte uh ahing theisah hi. Theina, muna, tuotdân khu hâmpawl tuomtuom ah atuomtuom in apou let hi. Ahâmdân dungjuiin mite’n atuotdân a mudân leh a theidân anga let uhhi. Mihiemsuisiemte’n agêndân in, tam leitung hâm tampi a um hi. Hâm khat poupou in khu mihing mudân apui a apiendân apui juia, agêndânte apui hi.
Hâm jousie’n mihingte ngaituodân, umdân gêndân chite asukha hi. Mihingte lungsim ngaituona,ngaituodân kibahlouna khu hâm kibahlou jieh ahi. Hâmzahdân khovêl updân leh tuotdân zong hâm tuomtuom ah atuom up hi. Hâm in mihingte apawl upna ah lemtah leh kituohtahin ahingsahthei hi. Kituona dîngin hâm khat apoimaw hi.
Hâm zilna apatin eima mimal ngâidân maimai didhdân leh midangte dihloudân ngâidân i puohte uh i sumangthei dîng uhhi. Eima silbawldânte tawndânte maimai dih kisahpina leh kipâupêngpinate i hasuothei pan dîng hi. Eima leh eima maimai kidihsahna leh midangte dih sahlouna tualeh dihloutaha i muna pên hâm zilna apatin i subeithei dîng uhhi.
Lungsim nêunate ,kisahtheinate leh eima maimai mihina kiletsahpi leh kingâisângpi maimai a i ngaisutnate uh abeitheita dîng hi. Tam hâm zilna apatin midangte ngaituodân tawndân peidân chite i theithei hi. Hâm zilna neite’n midangte hâm pên simmawna lungtang toh a ensih dîng hi. Hâm in i lungsim ngaisutdân athuzawthei hi.
Hâm kichi pên tawndân toh kibang in i gêlthei uhhi. Ajieh ahileh hâm apatin mihing hina achien leh achienlou akithei khenthei hi. Tuajieh in hâm khu tawndân siengset chia zong minvawthei ahi. Hâm pên mihing pawlkhatte updân leh tawndân tângpi akawmu leh akêm hi. Tawndân kêmbittu khu hâmzah ahi. Tângthu-tuonthu leh sahkhuo biehdânte khu hâm in ana puo a,tualeh ana kêmbit hi. I hinsung un hâm i hâjah mama hi. I tou ,i din leh zong kamteng/thutengte, i ha leh zong thuteng/kamteng; i hieng i sante toh kihouna in hâm i zang let hi. I lawm i guol toh i kihou chiengin hâm akijang hi. I damsung a i mute uh hâm tellou a, akhietna minlou ahi.
Sing leh suong min, nâtate min, pâhte min,gam min, sate min, vasate min, antelouhingte min, chite khu hâm tellou a, i gêndân leh i theina uh bukimlou ahi.
Hâm apata athutengte i matchien malâisie tuate pên eima mimal lungtang sunga um maimai leh têng maimai ahigiap a , i lungsim ahing khoithei sih hi. Hâm pên theinate,kihoutuona khutlâi/vanjah khat ahi. Hâm hih nasepna khutlâi leh vanjah ahi.
Kihenêmna,kisolna,kihâuthângna, kilungthahsuona, kidêhna,kigâlna khu hâm apata hing kipankhie ahi.
Pawlpi sunga hâm nasep masapên ahileh; mi leh mi nasepton theina, tualeh kihoutheinate piengsah,tualeh kihuotnate leh kimudânate kiemsah ahi. Hâm theina in mihingte lungsim peidânte leh pawl sunga mite ngaituona atheisah thei hi. Hâm leh mihing hindân kikhenthei lou ahi. Hâm kichi mihingte tawndân khat ahi. Hâm in khoheidân leh tawndân akawh hi. Tawndân tângthu zong a ensah hi.
Hâm in nam khat tângthu tuon thu a’ng hilchienthei hi. Hâmzahdân apatin mihingte ahing puodohna uh leh ahing mênkhietna uh akinua suithei zêl hi. Hâmzahdân tuomtuom apatin mihingte hing kipatkhietna leh akinâidân uh akisuichienthei a tualehzong akimuchienthei hi.
Hâm khu suikhietthei ahia,pilna dangte banga sutthei khenkhietthei tualeh têthei apei dân tângpi khat mukhietthei tualeh dân bawl thei ahi. Hâm in nam îtna zong atunthei tham a, nam khat a’ng hât chiengin ahâm uh zong ahing kithêjâh a,mite’n zong ahing thei simkuom u’a, tuachiin ahing khangtou hi. Europe gam a, nambing neu tampite’n a nam chiet uh ahing puotha lâi un, ahâm chiet uh ahing ngâi poimaw u’a tualeh ahing puothakia chiet u’a ahing ziltha chiet uhhi.
Hâmzahdân apatin nam khat hina, mi khat hina, sa khat hina akawmu a ahing hilchien hi. Hâm in pawl hina khu akêm zing uhhi. Magyar mângte’n Magyar hâm atheinawnta sih u’a atheilou jiehun Hungary Innpi sungah Latin kam in thu agên let uhhi. Ajieh ahileh German theinasasa in,zong khumi German kam a zang ût sih uhhi. Tuachi in, Magyar,Irish,Lithunia, leh nam dangdangte’n kumza hun sungin amauh kam uh a kipuotha chiet u’a tuachiin, a khangtousah uhhi.
Kum tûlli(4000) vâl mangthang Hebrew hâm pên Israelte’n ahing puotha kia uha, tu’nle Israel gam ah Hebrew University a omta a, mi tampite’n Hebrew hâm a zilthakia u’a athei ta uhhi. Hebrew pên Israelte Official language(Hâmpi) in a zang ta uhhi. Hâm shisate ahing hindohthei apata i thei dîng khat uh ahileh,hâm puotha leh kepbit a poimawdân akimuchien hi.
Lâisiengthou sungah zong a kimukhie hi. Israelte’n Jordan luipi akân lâi un Gileadite’n ‘Sibboleth’chi pouma miteng khu a thatliata u’a, nânleh ‘Shibboleth’chi miteng khu a hinkhawi uhhi. Hâm ahileh mihing lungsim leh ngaituona ahi.
Thuteng poimawte:
abailam=simple
adandanin=class by class, level by level
akihengte=inflections,
akihengte=inflections,
amathu a=by itself
amathuthu=arbitrary
amathuthu=arbitrary
atuompouna=uniqueness
chiemtêna hon=set of symbols
chiemtêna hon=set of symbols
dânbei=non-rational
kitûp=systematic
kitûp=systematic
meiphe=electrical
magêntheilou=unpredicatable
magêntheilou=unpredicatable
ging=sound
hâm= vernacular,tongue,speech
hâm= vernacular,tongue,speech
hâmneu=dialect
hâmbul=rootword
hâmbul=rootword
hâmdân=form or manner of speech
hâmdih=correct speech
hâmdih=correct speech
hâmguong=structure of speech
hâmneu kibahlounate=dialectical differences
hâmneu kibahlounate=dialectical differences
aneizoudeu=middle class
hâmmawl=primitive language
hâmmawl=primitive language
hâmneuhon=group of dialects,
hâmneu zah=spoken dialect,
hâmneu zah=spoken dialect,
hâmpawl=speech community,
hâmpi=official language
hâmpi=official language
hâmsuonkhiet=displaced speech,
hâmzah=spoken language
hâmzah=spoken language
hâm zahdân=linguistic behaviour/habit
hâmzahdân=grammar usage
hâmzahdân=grammar usage
hâmteleu=kholâihâm,colloquial
hâmleng=colloquial
hâmleng=colloquial
hasa=complex
hina=class
hina=class
hâm hina=characteristics of language
hâmgielkhiet=written language
hâmgielkhiet=written language
kammal=syllable
hâm nasep=language activity
hâm nasep=language activity
ne=lip
kamsuisiem=linguist
kamsuisiem=linguist
hâmzah=spoken language
kawmuna hon=set of symbols
kawmuna hon=set of symbols
kawmuna=symbol,sign
khâm=to arrest,to prevent
khâm=to arrest,to prevent
khanletna=development
khenkhietthei=can be classified
khenkhietthei=can be classified
khutledân=gestures
kibahlouna=differentiation,lack of true equivalence
kibang=standard,uniform
kibahlouna=differentiation,lack of true equivalence
kibang=standard,uniform
kichimatlouna=non-interaction,isolation
kidâithana=isolation
kilam=kithaw,kilou,pronounced
kihenlouna=constancy ,consistency
kihenlouna=constancy ,consistency
kilou=ginsah,pronounced
kingamlana=inferiority
kingamlana=inferiority
lâi=literature
lâibusutna=lâikhawl,printing press
lâibusutna=lâikhawl,printing press
lâigieldân=art of writing
lâi gieldân=literary usage
lâi gieldân=literary usage
lâigielte=writings, writers, scribes
lâisiem=scholar,educated.
lâisiem=scholar,educated.
lâigieldân=spelling usage,method of writing
lawltawng=vocal chord,throat
lâiteng =spelling
kibahsahna=standardization of
kibahsahna=standardization of
lungsimkhoi=stimuli
masapen=primary
masapen=primary
mihing pawl=society,social organization
mua=lip,opening
mua=lip,opening
nâhkuogin=nasal sound
ngaina=tendency
ngaina=tendency
osuo=sound, voice, tone
osuodân=accent,tone of voice,phonetic
pawlhon=social group
pilna=science
pilna=science
thuteng=word, vocabulary
ogindân=sound structure
ogindân=sound structure
oging=sound,vowel,voice
okaidân=form of utterance
okaidân=form of utterance
osuo pawlte=set of sounds
osuo hâm=okai hâm,tonal language
osuo hâm=okai hâm,tonal language
pawl hina=class label
silpiengte=events
silpiengte=events
thagumsengte= labourers
thahleng=represent,representative
silthemte=remains,artifact
osuohâm=tonal language/speech/tongue
vanjah=vanzah. artifact, tool,implement
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Dohnate:
1.Hâm hina chi bangza om e?:
2.Lâibusutna leh lâigieldân in bang a bawl thei e?
3.Roman lâi leh lâigieldân in bang a piengsah e?
4.Bangzieha Zoham a A,A W,B,CHAW…system kijang lou e?
5.Hâmleng bang china e?
6.Zohâm zahdân pawlkhat hing giel in?
7.Hâm kithezâhdân hilchien vawi
8.Hâm hina chi bangza om e ?
9.Hâm bang china ahiei?
10.Hâm manphatdân hing giel in?
11.Hâm manphatdân hing gieldoh in?
12.Mihingte lungsim bangjieha kibanglou e?
13.Magyar mangte heisung gam a om uh e?
14.Hebrew hâm kum bangza mangthang e? Ajieh bang e?
15. ‘Shibboleth’ bang china e?
16. Akihlengte bang e? Thuteng kihendân hing gieldoh in?
17. Hâmpawl bang e?
16
Dohnate:
1.Hâm hina chi bangza om e?:
2.Lâibusutna leh lâigieldân in bang a bawl thei e?
3.Roman lâi leh lâigieldân in bang a piengsah e?
4.Bangzieha Zoham a A,A W,B,CHAW…system kijang lou e?
5.Hâmleng bang china e?
6.Zohâm zahdân pawlkhat hing giel in?
7.Hâm kithezâhdân hilchien vawi
8.Hâm hina chi bangza om e ?
9.Hâm bang china ahiei?
10.Hâm manphatdân hing giel in?
11.Hâm manphatdân hing gieldoh in?
12.Mihingte lungsim bangjieha kibanglou e?
13.Magyar mangte heisung gam a om uh e?
14.Hebrew hâm kum bangza mangthang e? Ajieh bang e?
15. ‘Shibboleth’ bang china e?
16. Akihlengte bang e? Thuteng kihendân hing gieldoh in?
17. Hâmpawl bang e?
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