Global Warming(Leitung Satna)

Note:
[Tam thusim pen a khietna na thei sih leh,atawpna ah,Glossary in Zo into English ah muthei vâteh ]

Global warming kichi tungtâng thute theichienna dîngin,amasa in greenhouse effect kichi gênchien masa vâi. Leitung pen huikhuo(atmosphere) in a tuomkhum ahi. Leitung khu nisahu in a khaw a, tua nisahu in huikhuo a pailet a, nisahu pawlkhat leitung pumpi in a tâwp(absorb) a, leitung huikhuo sungah a kikul (kikhumlut) a, ahi’nlah, nisahu pawlkhat pen leitung pumpi mun tuomte apatin a teutu(rebound/reflect) a, vânthawmzawl leh vânhawm langah a lêngmang(radiate) let hi.
Huikhuo sunga greenhouse gases(kikulna huizângte) te kikul ziehin nisahu khu lih-li sunga kikhum bangin a khum u’a, tuachiin leitung a ul(warm up) u’a, leitung sâlevot(temperature) a khangsah uhhi. Huikhuo sungah huizângte’n leitung huikhuo a satsah sêmzawna dinmun khu Green house effect kichi ahi. Zohâm in, ‘Sat kikulna ahilouleh ‘Sat uopkhumna ’ chia minvaw thei ahi.
Greenhouse effect vânga leitung pumpi huikhuo leh tuikângpite (oceans)sâlevot tângpi(average.temperature) khang khu Global Warming kichi ahi. Zohâm in Leitung Satna kichi ahi. Leitung huikhuo opdân(earth’s climate) kikhêlsahthei den ahi chi’n a ki-um hi.
Sâintiste’n leitung satna(global warming) chi sângin ‘huikhuo opdân kikhêlna’(climate change) a chi nuomzaw uhhi. Azieh pên, leitung satdân mun khat ah a khang sah a,mun khat ah a kiemsah zêl hi. Huilângte(winds) leh tuikângpi luongte’n(ocean currents) leitung mun pawlkhat a votsah a, pawlkhat a sasah a, tualeh guotui leh vuakiehdân zong a kikhêlsah pha hi. Tuaziehin,mun tuomtuomte ah,huikhuo opdân tuom chiet ahing tung a, a’ng piengta hi.
Sâintiste’n A.D 1824 kum a panin Green house effect om ahi cithu khu a na mudoh u’a, tuami kum in zong Pu.Joseph Fourier in ‘leitung huikhuo om sih leh leitung pen a nâh votzaw díng hi. Greenhouse effect ziehin leitung ah ganhingte a hingthei u’a, leitung huikhuo opdân a hunbep in a sasah hi. Tam bangin leitung greenhouse effect,na om tama sih leh pen, leitung sâlevot 60º F in a votzaw dínga,ganhingte hindân a hamsa mama díng hi’ chi’n a na gênkha hi.
A.D 1895 kum in,Swedish kemist Pu.Svante Arrhenius in a na gênna ah, ‘mihing in carbon dioxide; greenhouse gas, siemkhie thei dínga tuachiin greenhouse effect a tungsah dîng hi’ chiin na gên hi. Ama’ mukhietna patin kum 100 sung vingveng huikhuo opdân(climate,climatic condition) suikhietna ziehin leitung satna(global warming) tungtâng thugil tamtah a’ng kitheidoh hi. Leitung tângthu suichiente mukhiet dânin, leitung pienkhiet zoua patin greenhouse gases (kikulna huizâng) dinmun a na kiemsuh let a, tuazaw chienginleh a na khangtou zêl hi,chithu a na mukhie uhhi.
Leitung pienkhiet apatin,kum a sâng a sîng a sim díngin, nipi leh leitung kiheidân dungzûiin,leitung satdân leh carbon dioxide omza na kikhêl zêlzêl hi. Khuziehin,vuakhangte(ice ages) a na tung a, a na mang let hi. Hinanleh zong,kum a tûl a tûl hun sungteng a greenhouse gases(sâu-eng huizângte) khu huikhuo in a na tawpzou(absorbed) zêl hi. Tuaziehin,leitung satdân leh sâu-eng huizângte a hunbep in a na om zing thei hi. Tam bang dinmun ahi ziehin,mihing khanletna (civilisation),huikhuo opdân kihleng ngailou(consistent climate) sungah a na khanglien hi.
Khatveivei chiengin,sildangte’n leitung satdân a na tongkha let hi. Tamte ahileh; muolsou pâwhte in vutvâi a thêzâh let a, tamte nisa a dâl ziehin leitung a votsah let hi. Hinanleh,tahaw pen kum tawmnou sunga silpiengte ahiziehin,hun sawtpi leitung a votsah tuon sih hi. Sildangte; El Niño chi bangin zong hun tomnou khat sung adiîngin leitung a votsah pha hi. El Niño(Nâusên Jesu) kichi pen Chile leh Peru gam zûi a,tuikângpi luong huvot (cold current or wave) chi khat ahi hi.
Kum 50 peisa sunga leithaute(fossil fuels);meihol leh thâutui kihâl zieh, gammâng singkungte vâtmang leh phietmang zieh, louhlaw (agriculture) zieh in carbon dioxide(kâlbon dâi-oksâit) leh huizâng dangte khu huikhuo sungah a na lût zêl a, tuachiin a na pung sémsém a, tua huizângte pen Leitung satna(Global warming) piengsah lienpênte(primary sources) ahi uhhi.
Tu hun chiengin khawlsilsiem kikhêlna(industrial revolution),patin mihingte’n huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide sêthumsuosêni (2/3rd) sânga vâlzaw in a thunlûtzouta uhhi. Kum a tûl a sâng vâl lût dîng pen kum sawm sungin ahing tung thut theita mawh hi! Leitung khantouna lamdang mama hi.
Leitung huikhuo sunga carbon dioxide pungsah lienpênte ahileh; U.S.A,tumlam Europe leh Russia gamhâusate ahi uhhi. Amaute’n mawtaw leh khawlte a kuón in leithâute a hâltum u’a,khawlmeivâh siemnate(power plants) leh silsiemnate(factories, industries) a kuon in,huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a pungsah sémsém uhhi. Gammâng kângtum,a kuon in,kumsiel a,huikhuo sunga carbon dioxide hing lût pen tam atunga kigên kimkhat sângin zong a tawmzaw nalâi hi.
Leitung satna piengsahte:
I. Carbon dioxide(CO2 ) huizâng
Leitung satna piengsah greenhouse gas lienpên CO2 ahi. Anina ah,methane huizâng ahihi. Greenhouse gas pipên ; Carbon dioxide huizâng ahi. Carbon dioxide kichi khu leithâu kihâl apata piengkhie silsâì(by-product) ahi;garithâu(petrol/gasoline) ahilouleh khawl -meivâh piensahna dînga kihâl suongmeihol patsa hing pawtdoh huizâng(gas) zât khat ahi. Singkungte a khan ciengun carbon dioxide huizâng khu huikhuo apatin a hîplût uhhi. A si ciengun, carbon dioxide a’ng pawtdoh kia a,tuaciin huikhuo sungah a kilekia zêl hi. Tam bang siltung khu Carbon Cycle kici ahi. Carbon dioxide(CO2) leh huinieh(air pollution) te in leitung pen phawipi bangin a tuomkhum a, tua ziehin nisahu in leitung a sasah sém hi. Carbon dioxide a’ng pienkhietna tam aneiate ahihi:-
1.Khawlmeivâh siemnate apat
T.V,khawlmeivâh leh kampiuterte pen suongmeihol hâl patsa hing kisiemkhie ngen ahi. Khawlmeivâh i zah poupou chiengin greenhouse effect bêlap i hi uhhi. Khawlsilsiem kikhêlna patsa’n leitung huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide zâlah ah 25% a’ng kibêlapzouta hi.
Tami kimkhat pen apeisa kum 30 sunga hing lût ahibou hi.Tunua kum sawm sungin aleni in pungva chi lam-et ahihi. Europe mikhat in Latin America mikhat 2.5(ni leh a kim) sânga tamzaw carbon dioxide a piengsah hi.
Suongmeihol hâl a kuon a, kibawlkhie khawlmeivâh siemnate khu U.S.A gam sunga carbon dioxide piengsah lienpên ahihi. Kumkhat in, tan sângtûlza(billion ton) 2.5 carbon dioxide a piengsah uhhi. 2002 kum in,USA gam ah khawlmeivâh siemna a leithâute kihâltum in,tuami gam sungah CO2 meikhu(emission) 40% (zâlah a sawmli) a piengsah hi. Natural gas in suongmeihol piensahza kimkhat a piengsah a,thâutui sângin 25% a tawm zaw CO2 a piengsah hi.
2.Mawtawte a kuón in : Mawtawte ahileh carbon dioxide piengsah lienpên nina ahi uhhi. Kumkhat in,tan sângtûlza(billion) 1.5 carbon dioxide a piengsah uhhi. USA gam a thâutui kihâlmang patsa’n zâlah a sawmni(20%) CO2 meikhu pawtdoh khu mawtawte apat ahihi. USA gam in thâutui barrel sângtûl(million) 20.4 nikhat in a zangbei a,tuaciin leitung a thâutui zang tampên ahi. Leitung khopi mun zousie a, mawtaw ginteng in CO2 bangza a piengsahta diei ?
3.Vânlêng thâutui kuóng a kuón in: UNO na phukhiet IPCC tuotdân in lênnate’n zâlah a (3.5%) leitung satna a kumkhie (tuohkhie,thawdoh) uhhi. Kum 2050 A.D ciengin tam pen 15% tan tung va,cithu a phuong uhhi.
4.Inn leh loute apat: Inn leh bilding te’n 12%(zâ lah a sawm leh ni) CO2 a piengsah uhhi.
5.Gammâng phietmangna (deforestation) apat: Mihingte silbawl bân ah,singkungte phietmang ziehin huikhuo sungah 25% (zâlah ah sawmni leh nga) CO2 meikhu a’ng lût hi. Ekal sângtûl 34 kumsiel in a kiphietmang let hi. Italy gam chiepha,guokiehna gammâng (rainforest) kumsielin a kimansuo let hi.
Gammâng votte’n(temperate forest)kumkhat in,tan sângtûlza ni(2 billiions tons) CO2 a hîplût let hi. Siberia gam a om; gammâng votte,kumsimsiel in ekal sângtûl 10 leitung in a mansuo hi. Gammâng phietmangna zieh leh singkungte hâl(wood burning) ziehin huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide meikhu omza(amount,level of emission) a pung sémsém hi.
Tu chiengin gammâng phietmangna pen mihingte khâmzou guol ahita sih hi.
Etsahna in,1987 kum in U.K chie a lien;Amazon guokiehna gammâng na kihâltum hi. Tuami ziehin,huikhuo sungah tan sângtûl(million ton) 500 carbon dioxide a’ng lûtbe hi. Gammâng kiphietmang vângin carbon dioxide hîplût thei singkungte a tawmsah suh mama hi.
6. Mawtaw ginglâi khawl apat : 1996 kum in America gam sunga om; New York leh Los Angeles khopite sung beh ah,mawtaw ginglâi khawl sungin thâutui lital(litre) sângtûl(million) 27,276 a kihlûtmang hi,chi’n mawtaw engineerte’n mukhie uhhi. Tam khopi ni maimai apat a,thâutui kihlûtmang tengin CO2 ton 7.5 sângza a piengsah zou hi chi’n a suikhie uhhi.
7. Huikhuo leh Tuikângpi sung apat: Huikhuo sungah tan sângtûlza(billion) 750 CO2 a om a,tan sângtûlza 800 pen tuikângpi tui sungah a kihal hi.
8. Vuakhalgam(Permafrost region) a kuón in: Alaska,Canada mâllam,Scandivania leh Siberia gamte ah vuakhal toh kihal leisiet a om hi. Tam leisiet sungah loupate,singhûite,singkangte,chieng kangte leh singhûi-suonghûi a sâ mama a, kum 30,000 vâl masanga, a na kikulte leh kiphûmlûtte ahi. Tam munte ah,leitung pumpi CO2 14% (zâlah a sawm leh li) zâ a om hi. Tam gamte tunga inn,bilding,lampi lienpipi a’ng kilam chiengin, tam munte a’ngthawp(nêm) suh a, bildingte a’ng tumsuhsah hi. Tua chiengin, khawlmeivâh siemnate,tuilawngte leh silsiem dangdangte a’ng kibawl ciengin, leitangte a’ng chîmkhêthei hi. Leitung detlou ziehin leisiet a luongmang (erode) thei a, leitang a kengiemthei a, leikên(minchîm) a pieng thei a, suongphûmte leh adangdangte a susethei hi. Tam bang a’ng tun chiengin,huikhuo sungah CO2 nempi a’ng lût hi. Vuakhal zun(thawing) ziehin kum a sâng a sâng sim a,a na kikul CO2 leh methane huizângte a’ng pusuoh doh hi. Tam ziehin, greenhouse effect a’ng kinthei tham hi. Vuakhal zun ziehin,tui tampi tuikângpi sungah a’ng luonglût zêl a, tuachiin leitung tuikângpite sândân a’ng khangtou sém hi.
9. Vuagam(Tundra region) apat : Tundra gam ah pâpe leh louhing nam 400 a om a,singkung zât 1700 tuóm a om hi. Vuakhal sungah CO2 tan sângtûlza 50 tuóm kikul den a,ki-um ahi.
1970 kum in Pu.Walter Oechel hingsuisiem (biologist), University of California in Tundra gam pen CO2 kikulna gam hi chi’n a na simzou hi. Ahivângin,1982 kum in CO2 kikulna gam ahita sih hi chi’n a na mukhie hi. Tua gam ah CO2 a kikul nawnta sih a,tua gamte sunga patin CO2 meikhu a’ng pusuohta hi, chi’n a na mudoh a, lamdang a sa mama hi.
II. Huizâng dangdangte
Carbon dioxide zâng in zâlah ah sawmnga 50% Greenhouse effect a piengsah hi. Greenhouse hui dangte ahileh; methane, chlorofluoro-carbons(CFCs) leh nitrous oxide(NO) ahi uhhi.
i) Methane huizâng: Carbon dioxide huizâng bân a greenhouse gas piengsah lienpên methane huizâng ahi. Suongmeihol tawkhietna (mine) munteng a, gammâng kiphietmang chiengin, leithâu suikhiet nadînga gammâng kihâltum chiengin leh, singna-suongnate kihâltum ziehin methane huizâng a’ng piengkhie hi.
Louhlaw natohte khu methane huizâng piengsah lienpên ahi. Tâng(bu) chnna tuiloute,bawng leh lawite apatin methane huizâng a pieng hi. Leitung mising pun dungzûiin louhlaw singpuoh a’ng pung a,tua mabangin,methane huizâng zong a’ng pung sémsém díng hi. 1960 kum apatin kumsiel in methane huizâng 1% a pung let hi,tam pen Carbon dioxide(CO2) sângin alêni in a pundân a kinawzaw hi. Methane in CO2 sângin 30 vei tamzaw in nisahu (sun’s heat) a hîplût zouzaw hi. Methane huizâng pen huikhuo sungah kum 10 sung tandongin a veidenthei hi. Tuiloute. tui in a hlup(tup=flooded) chiengin bíngmuotna(anaerobic conditions) a pieng a,tuachiengin,leisiet sunga louhingte a muot a, tualeh, bínghit (anaerobic bacteria) te’n methane huizâng khu bute(tângte) tungtawn panin a’ng pusuohsah u’a,tuachiin huikhuo sungah a’ng lûtsah uhhi.

IPCC tuotdân in methane huizâng in nisahu sângin,20 vei tamzaw in CO2 a khumlûtthei zaw hi. Tuiloute,bawng leh lawite veisan,tuikul sunga bacteria,suongmeihol leh leithâute tawkhietnate pat in methane huizâng a’ng pieng hi. Leitung munchin ah, tuilou bawlin tâng a kisuon(kiphut) chiet hi. Indonesia,China,India,USA gamteng ah tuilou ngen zang in tâng a kisuon hi. Tam munte patsa’n methane huizâng khu huikhuo sunga nempi a’ng lût ahihi.
ii) Nitrous oxide: Mihing silsiem leh huikhuo patin nitrous oxide huizâng piengthei ahi. Gammângte leh tuikângpite sung pan in nitrous oxide a’ng pieng hi. Mihing silsiem nylon leh nitric acid siem,hâlte zah akuón in, nitrous oxide huizâng a’ng pieng hi. Leithâu kâhsah a kuón in,khawlmeivâh siemnate a kuón in,nitrogenous fertiliserte(nitrogentel hâlte) zah a kuón in, gammâng kihâltum a kuón in,tualeh mihing leh ganhingte zun leh êh a kuón in nitrous oxide ahing pieng ahi. Tutuin,Nitrous oxide huizâng in greenhouse effect zâlah a guh(6%) a piengsah(tungsah) hi.
iii) CFCs(Chlorofluorocarbons): Huivot-huisa sêmna khawl, tuivotsahna mesin(fridges),gimtuikâpte(aerosols) leh adgdg in CFCs a piengsah hi. Huikhuo sunga CFCs omza khu CO2 sânga a tawmzaw in vângin nisahu(sun’s heat) pen 10,000 vei tamzaw in a hîplût(absorb) zouzaw hi. Huikhuo sungah CFCs pen kum 110 tan a veidenthei(survive) hi. Ozone phêng vutvang thei ahi. Tuaziehin,tam pen mite’n phietmangthâi díngin a dei mama uhhi.
Leitung satna suhpungnate (feedback process)
Leitung a’ng sat sémsém toh kizawitawn in sâlevot suhpungna tuomtuomte zong a’ng pieng hi.
Leithâute kihâl apata a’ng pawtdoh CO2 kimkhat pen tuikângpite’n a hîplût hi. Tua bân in,tui ganhing nêute’n a hîplût u’a,ahisihleh tuiluong kivielte(circulation of water currents) tuikângpi thûhnamunte (depths) sungah a na kâilût uhhi. A kimukhiet dânin,leitung a’ng sat deudeu dungzûiin tuikângpite’n CO2 a’ng hîplûtla sêmsêm díng u’a,huikhuo sungah CO2 a’ng kilomviel dínga, leitung satna a’ng sângtou sémsém díng hi.
Leitung satna a’ng sântou deu dungzûiin Tundra vuakhal gam sunga methane huizâng kigawl(kikul) nempi a’ng pusuoh díng hi. Leitung satna sântou toh kizawt in,tuipi neia,methane huizâng kikhumte zong a’ng pusuohdoh díng a, leitug satna a’ng khangsah sém dîng hi.
Sâlevot suhpungna khat kia lêulêu ahileh; hui sâlevot(air temperature) sân ziehin tui tamzaw tuihusuoh(evaporate) a’ng suo chiengin, meilum a’ng tam dînga, a’ng sà(thick) mama dînga,tuate’n leitung husa(earth’s heat) a khum(trap) dínga, nisahu atung langah, a le lênmangsah(to reflect)tadîng hi. Leitung a’ng sat sémsém toh kizúiin,meilum husate a’ng khang dínga, satkikulna(greenhouse effect) a’ng úong deudeu díng hi.
December,2005 kum in National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ah Pu.David Lawrence lamkai in Pu.Andrew Slater, University of Colorado’s National Snow and Ice Data Center toh feet 11.2 a sâ vuakhal khat huikhuo opdân etkhietnate (models) a na bawl uh a,huikhuo opdân kikhêlna(climate change) ziehin feet sawm(10) a sâ vuakhal a zung mangthei ahi chi’n a na mukhie uhhi.
Tam banga,mihingte’n nâtoh silbawl a bawl zing uh leh,A.D 2050 kum chiengin tuhun a, 4,000,000 square mile vuakhal gam pen 1,000,000 square mile suohsuhta dínga, 2100 kum chiengin 4,00,000 square mile in a kiemsuhta dîng hi, chi’n sâintiste’n a tuotkhie uhhi. Vuakhalgam tua chie a’ng zun chiengin greenhouse huizângte nempi a’ng pusuoh dînga, leitung satna a’ng uòngsah dínga,tu-a kituotdân sángin zong leitung satna a’ng huoise zaw tungthei ahi, chi’n a gên uhhi.
University of Florida sânginnpi a sâintis, Dr. Ted Schuur Siberia gam ah a va hawta a, feet 10 sâ vuakhal khat,a laboratory a’ng tut hi. Tuami vuakhal pen hitmêngte’n(microbes) a sim(attack) u’a, tuachiin greenhouse huizângte tuami sunga patin a’ng pusuohdoh(emerge out) hi. Leitung sâlevot a’ng sâng dínga,leitung satna a’ng khangtou díng hi.

Greenhouse huite piengsah lienpen pawlkhatte
Gam Kum siel a CO2 meikhu CO2 meikhu
(tan sângtûl) mikhat piensah(tan)
USA 6046 20.6
China 5007 3.8
Russia 1524 10.6
India 1342 1.2
Japan 1257 9.9
Germany 808 9.8
Canada 639 20.0
UK 587 9.8
Korea 465 9.7
Italy 450 7.8
World 28,983 4.5
(TOI article Global Warming Earth on Fire dated Nov 28,2007)

Leitung satna bangchi kitheikhie ahiei ? Leitung satna kitheitheinate tam aneia teng ahihi:
i) Huikhuo sunga CO2 pung sémsém
ii) Leitung sâlevot limguong(graph) apatin
iii Khuo(guozuh-nisat) huoisie tam sémsém pien apat in,
iv) Vuakhaltângte zungmang kimukhie apatin,
v) Artic leh Antartica vuakhal tui zun zieh in,
vi) Greenland vuagam phêng zun ziehin,
vii) Leitung lâi lah a,natna tuomtuomte kithêzâh ziehin,
viii) Tuikeppâhte kisuhsietna zieh leh tuikângpite sat zieh in leitung satna a kitheithei hi.
Khawlsilsiem khang hun masang leh tuchieng dongin greenhouse huizâng;carbon dioxide pen 280 part per million (ppm) to 377.5 ppm tan in a pungzou a, 34% (zâlah a sawmthum leh li) pung sém ahi. Tu hun chiengin huikhuo sunga carbon dioxide omza(omzât) leitung tàngthu kikhumthei apatin a sângpên ahita hi.

NASAte Goddard Space Flight Center mukhiet dânin Greenland vuagam phêng sungah 8% leitung vuâkhal a om a(Antartica ah leitung vuâkhal 91% a om hi),tua pen a zung huoihuoita hi chiin a phuong hi. Greenland vuagam phêng zun ziehin,a vuakhaltângte tuipi zuon in suazawtahin a kitawl uhhi. NASA high-tech aerial survey dungzûiin,Greenland tuipi pangteng ah kumkhat in 18 cubic kms(11 cubic miles) vuakhal a zungmang let a,tami in kumchin a,leitung tuipi sândân zâlah ah 7% a khangsah hi. Kumzalom masa lâi apata tuipi sândân na kitê dungzûiin tuipi pen inchi 9(kuo) in a sângtouta(khangtouta) a,huipi a’ng lân chiengin tuipi gam ngiemdeuna munte tui in a tum (hlum) thei dîng hi,chiin a kimukheta hi. Tam bang dinmun pen Indonesia, Phillipines, Mauritius, Bangladesh leh tuipi gam ngiemdeuna gam dangdang ah a tung panpanta hi.
Artic tuipi pen USA gam chie bang pha ahia,tam vuagam pen ekal sângtûl 250 in a neusuhta hi. Kum 50 peisa hun sungin Antartica gamkithum(peninsula) sâlevot tângpi pen Fahreinheit digri 5 in a khangtouta hi. Wellingdon School of Medicine Health department a sém zatoute gên dânin South Pacific tuikuolgam a, thoukâng chithuopi lânsie pen leitung satna zieh ahi chi’n, a sê(ngaw) uhhi.
March 2006 kum in sâintiste’n Caribbean, Puerto Rico leh Virgin Island tuikuolgamte ah tuikeppâh simangthang huoisetah a mukhie uhhi.
Indian Ocean tunga om; Maldives leh Seychelles tuikuolgam sungte a om tuikeppâhte zâlah a 90% kum ni sungin a sigamta hi. Tam tuikeppâhte pen tuikuolgamte’a dînga kivâna lienpi khat ahihi. Tam tuikuolgamte pen guokiehna gammâng toh a na kitêkâh a,tuachiin tuipi nuoia guokiehna gammâng(under water rainforest) chiin,a kiminvaw kêi hi. Tui ganhingte,ngate leh ganing dangdangte’ adínga tuipi khu hinna biel ahia,nga leh tui ganhingte in nêh leh tâh,muna mun a, a zah zing uh khu tuikeppâhte ahihi. Leitung huikhuo sunga Co2 hing pun ziehin, tuipi sungah kalsiem (calcium) a’ng kitasam a, tuachiin tuikeppâhte a khan díng bangun a khangtheita sih uhhi. Leitung tuikeppâhte kum 50 sungin a simang siengta díng uhhi,chiin sâintiste’n a magên uhhi.

Leitung satna ziehin bangteng a na tungzouta a? Bangteng a’ng piengthei nalâi diei? Bangzieha tami thute ngâikhâwh díng ahiei ?
UNO Human Development Report dungzuiin, gamkhangsate pen leitung mising sim in,zâ lah ah sawm leh nga(15%) maimai ahi vângun, leitung huikhuo sunga carbon dioxide huizâng,a thunlût zâ uh a sâng mama hi. Amau’te’n(amate’n) leitung huikhuo sunga CO2 omza zâlah ah sawmnga(50%) a piengsah uhhi. Suhdihna bangma a kibawl man sih leh, 2030 kum tun chiengin leitung sâlevot digri 1.5 °C apat digri 4.5°C kikâlin, a sângtouta díng hi.
IPCC mukhietdân in,leitung tângthu kikhumthei apata kitheithei bang ahiei? i chi leh;1995 kum apat 2006 kum sungtenga om kum 12 teng lah a, kum sa pênpênte a,kitheidoh kumte khu apeisa kum 11 teng ahihi. Kum 50 sunga kitheikhiet dânin sun vot leh zân vot sângin,sun sat leh zân sat tam sémsém zaw chiin a na kichiemtê zou hi.
Greenhouse huizângte ziehin huikhuo opdân kintahin a kikhêlthei a, hinnanei leitung ganhing pawlkhatte’n a thuohla mama díng uhhi. Huikhuo opdân thâ, leh a kimagêntheilou leh mukhâh nâilou siltung díngte pen hinnanei (nuntâtnanei) zousie’ adíngin thuohha mama díng hi.
Tângthu dungzûiin en lei pen,leitung huikhuo opdân khu sat leh vot kikâl ah, luoi kivei bangin a na om zêl hi. Tuhun leh vuakhal khanglâi a, sâlevot a’ng kitêkâh chiengin digri 5ºC(9ºF) beh in,a kikhietna a kimuzou hi. Tam bang sâlevot luoi banga kivei kawikawi pen, awl awl in, a tung a,kum asâng asîng a na lût(la) zêl hi.

Leitung sâlevot digri 3°C apat 4°C tanpha hing khanbê tamaleh, leitung ah bangchi bang sillamdang leh silsie ahing piengthei diei ? chite sâintiste’n a’ng khuolkhuol chiengun tam aneia kigênteng ahing piengthei ahi,chi’n a phuong uhhi.
i) Tuizînte’n mihing sângtûl(million) 330 a suonmang(to displace out) dîng hi.
ii) Tuizînte ziehin mihing sângtûl(million) 220-440 thoukâng chithuopi(malaria) a vei dîng uhhi.
iii) Gammângte,loute leh khopite’n thoukâng chithuopi (dengue,malaria) leh thousi thatha a buoipi dîng uhhi.
iv) Ganhingte tênna kisuhsiet leh singkungte kiphietmang ziehin ganhing chî leh singkung chî tampite a mangthangta dîng hi. Leitung sâlevot digri 1.5 °C apatin digri 2.5°C tanin hing khangta leh,ganhing leh sinkung chí leh namte zâlah a,sawmthum (30%) a mangthangta díng uhhi. Antrartica leh Artic tuipi neia têng,tui ganhing nêute khu ngamite leh âite’n a’ng gâl díng u’a,a’ng negam maithei uhhi.
v) Khopihuisie,Gamgawna,Gamkâhna leh silmukhâhlou
tampi piengthei ahihi.

Vuakhaltângte zung
Leitung gamkaipi(continent) guh sunga om vuakhaltângte zung panta u’a, a mangthâi sieng díng a kisata uhhi Chimulthawhuoi silpieng nempi a piengzouta hi. AD 1910 kum in Americate President Pu.Taft in Glacier National Park a na bawlkhie hi,tuami mun ah vuakhaltâng 50 a na om hi. Tu chieng in, vuâkhaltâng 30 maimai a omta bou hi. Tam banga,leitung satna a khantou zêl leh pen, 2030 kum chiengin tuateng a mangthang siengta díng hi,chi’n Pu. Fagre in a na magên hi.
Leitung satna ziehin Uganda(Africa) gam sunga om; Ruwenzori vuakhaltâng zungmang sieng díng a kisata hi. North America leitang sunga vuakhaltâng golpên; Bering vuakhaltâng khu adung mêl sagi(7) a zungmangzouta hi.
1963-1987 kikâl sungin Kenya gam a om; Kenya Tâng(Mt.Kenya) tunga om; Lewis vuakhal khu zâlah a sawmli(40%) zungzouta hi.
Peru gam a om Qori Kalis vuakhaltâng zong a zungmang nâhta a,mit a muthei hiel in,nisiel in feet 2 a kitawltou(recede) hi.
India gam sunga om, Gangotri vuakhaltâng zun ziehin kumkhat in metre 30 a kikhíntou(receded) let hi. Kum 50 malâi a, Sir Edmund Hillary leh Tenzing Norgay in Everest muol/tâng kâina a pansia gêl vuakhaltâng khat na om pen leitung satna ziehin tuinle mêl thum(3 miles) tandongin a sahtou lam ah,a na kikhîntou zou hi.
September 15,2000 kum a thusuo ‘Science’ na hildânin Lonnie G. Thompson leh Ellen Mosley-Thompson(Ohio gam pan) tegêl in,feet 20,000 thûh Himalaya tâng sungpan in vuakhalte a toudoh uhhi. Tam vuakhalte(ice cores) a na tawdoh u’a kuón un,bang a na mukhie uoi? i chi leh; kum 1000(tûl) khat peisa sungteng lah pansa a kum sapênpên khu; tua apeisa kumza(100 years) sungteng ahihi,chi’n a mudoh uhhi.

South America gamkai a om; Andean tâng tunga vuakhal omte zong a zung panpanta a,2020 kum chiengin tuate a mangthangta díng hi chiin sâintiste’n a na magên uhhi. Tam vuakhal zungmang patsa ahing luongsuh luidung tuite sândân(water level) zong a ngiemsuh deudeuta a,muol leh tâng sânna munte ah, leitung satna nâhpitahin a pungzaw sêm hi.Vuakhalgam apat a,tuisieng a’ng luongluongte zong a mangthangta díng hi,chiin a phuong uhhi. .
Artic Tuipi vuakhal zung: Artic vuakhallu(polar artic ice cap) apata tuisieng luongte zâlah ah kuo(9%) kumsawm danin(per decade) in kiem zêl hi,ch’n sâintiste’n a mudohta uhhi. USA chie a lien Artic gam ekal sângzâ 250 tandongin a nêusuhta hi. California,Maryland leh Texas gamteng kigawm chie pha ahi.
Nov 17,1999 New York times thusuo sunga sâintiste na hildân in,1993 kum apatin 1997 kum sungin Artic tuipi vuakhal khu, a sâdân feet guh(6) a kiemsuhta hi, chi’n a na gên uhhi. Tam pen 1958 patsa 1976 sungteng in a sâdân feet 10 a na hi ngai hi. Tami, i chi chiengin Artic tuipi vuakhal pen kum 30 sungin 40% zâ lah a sawmli vuakhal a zung mangthangta hi,chi’n a’ng kitheithei hi. Norwegian mipilte’n Artic tuipi vuakhal pen kum 50 zou tuom in a mangthang ta díng hi,ciin a na magên uhhi. Square mile 14,000 kumsiel in, a zungmang zou hi chi thu pen Washington Post thusuo Dec 3,1999 in a na gên ahi.
Antartica Tuipi Vuakhal zung: Greenhouse huizângte hing tam deudeu a,leitung vuakhal phêng opna Greenland leh Antarticate zong a zung panta hi. Kum sawmnga peisa sungteng in Antartica gamphêng ah sâlevot tângpi in digri 5 in a khang hi. Tam gam pen vuakhal sâ mama opna gam phêngpi ahi. Ahi’n lah,1990 kum apatin vuakhalte zunmang a na kipanta hi. Vuakhallute zun ziehin leh tuikângpi sat dawm ziehin tuipi tung a’ng sâng deu a,kumsiel in mm 1 apat mm 2 tandong a sângtou pha hi.
New Zealand gam a om Tasman Glacier kumza sungin metre 100 vâlin a kiemzou(pazou) hi. New Zealand vuakhaltângte 1890 leh 1998 kikâl in 26%(zâ lah a sawmni leh guh) in a kiemzou hi.
Guòzuh-nisat huoisetah tam sémsém: Tuikângpi sândân a’ng khan sémsém,bân ah,khuo(guozuh-nisat) a’ng uóng deudeu hi. Tuachi’n,tuizîn leh gamgawna,gamkâhna, khopihûisie leh guòsie a’ng pieng tam sémsém hi. Tuazaw in,guòtui kelou ìn,gam a’ng gaw sâwt theita hi. Leitung mun tampi hâichi chîngthei lou in,a’ng buoisezâhta hi. Tuizînte,gamgawnate,gamkâhnate leh khopihuisete a’ng tam sémsém hi.
Leitung satna ziehin tuikângpi sândân(level) a’ng khangtou sémsém dínga,tuaciin leitung mun tuomtuom tampite ah guozuh-nisat huoisetah ah a’ng tunta hi. Tam tui zungte’n leitung tuikângpite nâhpitahin a khangsah sémsém díng hi. Leitung tuikângpite tunga tênna tuikuolgamte tui in a hlummangta(tummangta) díng uhhi. Leitung tuipi sândân khan zieha tui in a tup(hlup) dîng tuikuolgamte leh tuipi pangte ahileh; Maladives, Marshall Islands,Kiribati,Fiji Islands,Solomon Islands,Papua New Guinea,Gulf of Mexico,Gulf of Florida,Gangetic Delta; Bangladesh, West Indies leh adangdangte.
1993 kum in Mississippi gamngiem(basin) ah tuisânglêt in gamte a hlummang (tummang)sieng hi. Lelam khat ah,Carolinas gam ah gamgawna nasatah khat a na tung hi.
1992-93 leh 1994-95 phalbi sungin California gam ah tuizîn huoisie na tungzou a,ahiin lah,kum dangte; 1986-87 leh 1987-88 phalbi sungin tam mun ah gamgawna a na tung hi,chiin National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) makâi Dr. Kevin Trenberth na gên hi.
1995 kum ngêlin zong USA gam central south ah gamgawna nasatah in a na pieng hi. 1996 kum in Midwest gam ah khâllâi tahin tûizîn huoisetah a na tung hi. 1997 kum September sung leh October kipat kuón lam in,Indonesia gam sungah gammâng pari sângtûl(million hectares) sânga tamzaw a na kângtum a,tuami in,leitung huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a na pungsah sém hi. Tuami gammâng kâng in Asia suolang leh simlam huikhuo pen meikhusie(smog) toh a tuom pumlum a,mite a na buoizâh sah hi.

1988 kum in USA gam sungah husa(heat wave) huoisepên a na tung hi. 1999 kum in pingpei nasatah khat a na pieng a, tuipi pang gamteng ah sietna leh manna lienpi a na tunzou hi.
2001 kum in Orissa gamkai 30 lah a 25 sungah tûizîn a na tung a,mihing sângtûl 30 a buoizâhsah zou hi. Tuami kum sungin zong gamgawna huoisetah a na pieng a,gamkai selisuosethum sânga lienzaw a tongkha hi. Leitung satna ziehin,kum 2002 leh 2004 kikâl in, mihing sângtûl 262 in gentheina, tuosietna leh silmukhâhloute leh liengvaina tuomtuom tampi a tuoh kha uhhi.
Leitung satna in USA gam sungah silsie tampi a’ng tunzou hi. 2002 kum in Colorado, Arizona leh Oregon gam sungte ah gamkâhna lienpi a natung hi. Tuami kum sung ngêlin zong,gamgaw na ziehin Montana, Colorado leh Kansas gam sungah vutpi huisie a na lânse mama hi.
2002 kum mam in zong Texas,Montana leh North Dakota gam sungah tuizîn nasahtah na tung lêulêu hi. Sum leh pâi simsienglou in a mangthâi gawp hi.
2003 kum in,USA gam sung guoh hilou in,Europe gam ah, nipi husa huoisetah(extreme heat waves) a na lâng in,mihing tûl sawmni (20,000) vâl a thatgam a,India gam sungah mihing tûl leh zanga vâl na si hi.

Tuachi mabangin,A.D 2005 kum in,Greece gammâng kâng in mihing tampi gentheina a tun a,sum leh pâi tampi na mangthang hi.
2005 kum July hla in Mumbai khopi sungah tuizîn huoisetah khat a na tungzou hi. Meilêngsaite leh mawtawsaite na buoisezâh hi. Tam tuizîn ziehin,mawtaw tampi tui in na tummang hi. A sum a sim in,sângza tampi man na mangthang hi. 2007 kum October hla in California gam sungah gamkâhna huoise mama a na tungzou hi. Tami gammâng kângte in huikhuo sungah carbon dioxide a pungsah mama hi. California gammâng kâh ziehin mihing nempi leh flimstar minthang tampite’n buoina a na tuoh u’a,tuachiin a na tâizâh uhhi.
Gamkâhna opzou in,2008 kum Jan hla ni ni 5-7,kikâl sungin California mâllam tângte tungah vuakiehna huoisetah na tung hi. Phalbi huipisie in US tumlam tuipi pangte a na sâtzâh a,mihing 3 a si a,mihing a sâng a síng in,a buoisezâh u’a,summêtbawlna lam zong a nâh suhsiet hi.
California,Oregon leh Washington sungah khawlmeivâh a na si a,mihing sâng tampi buoise gawp uhhi. Mite’n inn leh lou tâisan uh heh chi’n USA kumpi in thupieh va-ia uhhi.
January 29-30,2008 sungtengin China gam sunga vuakiehna huoisetaha a pien ziehin,meilêngsaite,vânlêngsaite leh lampi tampi vua in a hlupta(tupta) ziehin mipi nuòi 5 vâl buoisegawp uhhi.

Khopihuite: Khopihuite leh pumpeite a’ng tam sémsém a,a’ng sua deudeu,tuikângpite a’ng satdeu ciengin tui tampi tuihusuoh in a lêngmang hi. Mukhietnate apatin chimulthawhuoi mama hi. Tuipi sadeu in tuipi tunga, sâlevot a khangsah sém dínga, pingpei (pumpei) nasetah leh huoisetah Atlantic tuikângpi leh Gulf tuipi pangteng ah a tungsah díng hi. Katrina tuipi pingpei in August 31, 2005 niin New Orleans khopi a susie hi.
Japan gam ah: September hla 1991 kum in Typhoon Mireille(tuipihuisie) in Japan a na sâtzâh hi. September hla 1993 kum in Typhoon Yancy in na sâtzâh kia hi-1993 kum adínga a sawm leh thumveina ahia, kum sawmnga sung adînga huoise tawpna vawt khat ahi.
January hla 1993 kum in, North America gam ah Shetland khpoi ah khopihui a na lâng a,oil tanker Braer tunni a na suo hi.
March hla 1993 kum in ‘Storm of the Century’ khopihuisie in America a na sâtzâh a,Canada gam apatin Cuba gam tandong in sum leh pâi a sim dîngin dollar sângtûlza 1.6 pha na mangthâisah hi.
December hla 1993 kum in pingpei huzâp ziehin Britain gam in kum 40 sunga tuizîn huoisepên a na tuoh hi.
2007 kum November hla sungin Bay of Bengal tuipi tungah pumpei a’ng kiviel a,Bangladesh tuipi pang gamzângteng ah tuizîn a na tungsah a,mihing tûl thum(3000) vâl a na si hi.

OZONE HOLE
Greenhouse huizângte; Chlorofluorocarbon(CFC) huizângte, Methane leh adangdangte ziehin Antartic gamkithum tung sâng lam ah,ozone hole vang(hawm) lien sémsém ta hi.
Huikhuo opdân kikhêl phutthei ahi:
Huikhuo opdân thakhat thu in a’ng kikhêlphut leh leitung mun lienpipite khu têntheilouna mun a’ng suohta dínga,kiel thupi,tui muzawlouna chinteng in a’ng bop chiengin mihingte pen gam tuomtuom ah a’ng pêmkhe díng u’a,tuol
gâl leh gimthuohna nempi a’ng piengta díng hi. Ganhingte zong mun kitu in a’ng kidou díng uhhi.
Leitung pumpi huikhuo khu ozone huizâng in a tuomkhum ahi. Tami tuomkhumna khu Ozone layer a kichi hi; Zohâm in Ozone phêng kichi ahi. Tam ozone phêng(layer) in vânhawm,nisa leh âhsite patsa hing kipandoh hu hoiloute a dâl zêl hi. Tam banga hing lêngkhie hui hoiloute ozone phêng in na khâmta sih leh,leitung mihingte’n natna hoilou; vun cancer, mittawtna adangdang a tuoh díng uhhi.


Leitung greenhouse huizângte bangchi suhkiem díng ahita ei?
Kyoto Protocol toh kizawitawn a, Leitung gam kumpi tuomtuomte chiemna dungzûi enta lei,leitung a CO2 pen 4-6 % beh a kiem díng ahigiap hi.
Leitung greenhouse huizângte suhkiemna dîngin tam aneiteng bawl ngâi leh kûl ahi:-
1. Mesin sieng deu leh thâutui tawmnêh deu mesin siem ngâita hi.
Mawtaw huiniehte leh khawlmeivâh siemna apata huiniehte suhkiem ngâi
ahi. Mawtaw siengzaw leh khawlmeivâh siemna thâte zah dîng a
kûl mama hi. Hydrogen fuel cell mawtaw siem kinkin a zah dîng a
kûl mama ta hi. Hybrid gas-electric mesin in tuhun chiengin leitung
satna sethumsuo seni in a kiemsah thei dîng hi.
2. Hui thahâtna(wind power),nisa thahâtna(solar energy) leh leisiet husa(earth’s heat) hâtangtah a siem leh zah poimaw mama hi.
3. Meivâh san(incandescent bulb) tângin meivâh ngou (fluoroscent bulb) i zah chiengun khawlmeivâh man i sukiem u’a, damsungin tam meivâh ziehin CO2 meikhu kilo 320 tuom huikhuo sungah a lûtta sih díng hi.
4. Suongmeihol leh leithâu tawmzah sémsém díng ahi.CFCs piengsah mesin zousie phietmang a ngâi hi.
5. Suongmeihol sânga CO2 tawm piensahzaw Natural gas zahzaw a hoi ahi.
6. Gammâng phietmangna suhtawp a,gammâng suonkiana (afforestations)nasatah a,bawl a singkungte suon thâkia díng ahi.
7. UNO tuotdân a,leitung huikhuo opdân a ngai banga i opsah dîng leh tam leitung a thâutui i zahte 60% a,a kinkin a suhkiem dîng ahi chi’n a phuong hi.
8. Nuclear Power in CO2 a piengsah sih a tuaziehin thahâtna (energy,power) piengsah dangte suonkhe dîng in a deihuoi mama hi.
9. Carbon credit i lei chiengin a sum pen singkungte suonna in a kimang a,greenhouse meikhu a kikiemsah thei hi.
10. Mawtaw a tâi sânga thâutui nelou tâitheinate;cycle,lêng ci tuomtuomte zah dîng ahi.


Mihingte leh ganhingte bang a suohta díng uoi?
A.D 2020 kum tandongin leitung satna ziehin mihing sângtûl 120 apatin sângtulza 1.2 tanpha in tuinéh mula un,hasatna a tuoh díng uhhi. 2050 kum ciengin cm 20 leh cm 50 kikâl sungin a sângtou díng hi,ci’n sâintiste’n a magên uhhi. Tam in tuipipang gamzângte leh luidung muate(estuaries) gêntêna in Bangladesh leh Nile Delta munte ah tûizîn a tun díng hi.
Thomas Karl,Director of the National Climatic Data Centre (NOAA) mu dungzuiin,sâlevot khandân pen kumzalom khat sungin digri 5.4°F apatin digri 6.3 °F tan in,a khangthei hi.
Apeisa kum 18,000 patsa 20,000 kikâl vuakhang tungsa toh têkâh lei tu tandongin leitung sâlevot pen digri 5°F apatin 9°F tan in a khangta hi,chiin mipilite’n a gên uhhi. Tam banga, leitung satna pen vuakhallute(poles) ah a sângtouzaw sém dínga,leitung lâilung lah(tropics) a ngiemzaw dîng hi. Tunpi sângin phalbi a sazawta díng hi. 1800 kum lâikim tuom apat a kisim toutou in,1999 kum pen,kum sa lahlah a,sim in angâna ahi. 1998 kum khu kum sapênpên ahihi.
Tam banga leitung satna sân deudeu ziehin kum 100,000 masang sângin leitung a’ng sazaw díng hi. Tam banga silpieng zong a’ng kinaw sémsém díng hi. A theihuoi khat ahileh; vuakhal khang nuakhia sunga digiri 3°C satdân khantouna díngin kum sâng tampi a na lût hi. 2008 kum March hla ni 26ni a, Tami kumzalom bei kuòn chiengin leitung sâlevot khu dinosaur ganhingte hun lâia, toh a’ng kikim kha maitheita dínga,mihingte a hingzou na díng uoi? chipên ginmawhuoi mama hi. Sâintis khenkhat gêndânin kum 80 zou chiengin leitung satna sân ziehin mihingte’n gentheina nempi a tuohta dîng uhhi,chi’n a magên uhhi.
Zapi Sigamna (Mass Extinction)
Hinnaneite zapi sigamna tu tan in 5vei na tungzouta hi. Kum sângtûl 440 malai in zapi sigamna masapên;Ordovician sigamna na tung hi. Leitung ganhingte sethumsuoseni na sigamzou hi. Kum sângtûl 375 peisa Devonian Khang kichi hun lâiin zapi sigamna anina na tung hi. Tua hun lâi in nga zât nempi na sigam hi. Kum sângtûl 250 peisa hunlâiin zapi sigamna athumna Sina huoisie(Great Dying) kichi a na tung hi. Tua hunlâiin,tuipi ganhing zousie na sigam phiel a,tualeh leisiet ganhing tamzaw na sigam hi. Kum sângtûl 205 lâiin zapi sigamna alina na pieng hi. Kum sângtûl 65 hunlâiin zapi sigamna angana na tung hi. Kum sângtûl 165 leitung na luo leh leitung a na vâhzousa dinosaurte kimkhat vâl na sigam uhhi. Dinosaurte zapi sigamna kichi ahi. Dinosaur pen Zokam in sakhuongsâng chithei ahi. Tu ciengin,leitung satna ziehin tuipi ganhingte leh leisiet ganhingte alel mamata u’a, zapi sigamna tungkia hichi’n mipilte’n a gên uhhi. Leitung satna ziehin Zapi sigamna aguhna, tu khang in a pieng panpanta hi. Gamkituna, Gâlkidouna,Lalthangna, Tûinêh hâsatna, Annêh-tûidawnte hamsatna, Natna chi tuomtuom,Gentheina chi tuomtuomte hing pieng díng ahi.
Kyoto Protocol 1997-98: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mipilte(sâintiste) in a mukhiet dân un, greehouse huizângte ziehin leitung sâlevot tângpi(av.temp) pen 1990 kum apat 2100 kum tandongin 1.4ºC apatin 5.8 ºC,tan in sângzaw díngin a magên uhhi. Leitung gam tampite’n huikhuo sunga greenhouse huizâng lûtte zieha leitung satna pieng pen bangchi suhkiem díng ahiei?chi’n, amaute Japan gam a om,Kyoto khopi ah, December, 1997 kum apat March 15,1998 tanin kikupna a na nei uhhi. Tuami hun ah,Kyoto Protocol chi’n kithukimna khat a na bawl uhhi. Tam kithukimna pen July 2006 dongin,gam 164 in a pomkip chietta uhhi.

UNO conference on climate change at Bali(Indonesia) 2007
Indonesia gam sunga om; Bali Khopi a ‘Huikhuo opdân kikhêlna tungtâng a UNO Khawmpi(UNO Conference on Climate Change 2007 at Bali)
Apeisa 2007 kum December hla ni 1-15 kikâl sungin Malaysia gam sung a om Bali khopi ah, leitung pumpi a gam 188 a na kisukhawm u’a,palâi 10,000 vâl leitung satna suhkiem díng dân gêl in na kikumkhawm zou uhhi. Tuami hun ah,Bali Resolution chiin kithukimna khat lâisuo a na bawl uhhi. Tam kithukimna ah, mâllam(north)gamkhangsate in simlam(south) gamzawngte teknolozi(technology) siengthoute toh a panpi dîng ahi chi’n kithukimzou uhhi. Malâi apat a carbon dioxide meikhu nempi pawtsah gamteng adiehin USA leh gamkhangsate’n huikhuo opdân kikhêlna zieha silpiengte, gamgawna,tûizînte,tuinêh mulana leh adang dangte khu gam-zawngte’n a nanzouna díngun, gamkhangsate’n sum leh pâi,tha leh zung,pilna-siemna,khawlsilsiem siengthoute toh a panpi díng uh ahi, chi’n a kithukim kia lêulêu uhhi.
Tumlam khawlsilsiem lam a gamkhangsa kumpite/nampite in CO2 piengsah nalâi maleh uh zong,South America gamte leh Asia gamte’n zong CO2 sângtah a piengsah u’a,kum 2010 ciengin tumlam gamte a khelta(khûpta) díng uhhi.
Gamkhangpante gêndân ahileh amate pen leitung satna piengsah ahi sih uhhi ci’n a pang têntûn u’a CO2 suhkiem díng mawpuohna pen gamkhangsate mawpuohna in a sim uhhi.
India palâi gênhâtna zâl a tam bang kithukimna a’ng pieng ahi chi’n Times of India thusuo a hil hi.
Leitung a CO2 piengsah tampên USA ahi
Leitung mising toh têkâh lei, USA mising pen zâlah ah li(4%) ahi giap hi. Hinanleh,USA in suongmeihol leh leithâute a hlûtmang ziehin carbon dioxide huinieh khu zâlah ah sawmni leh nga(25%) a piengsah hi. Leitung pumpi sunga CO2 piengsah tampên USA ahihi. China,India leh Japan gamte kigawmkhawm a CO2 piengteng sângin USA gam sunga CO2 pieng a tamzaw hi. Tuazieha, gên sese lou a,USA in CO2 pien suhtawm theina díng lamsang a,makaina a lâh dîng tangâi phamaw mama in a kigên hi. Leithâutui piengsah gamte leh USA in zong a thâutui zua uh za a sukiem nuom tuon sih uhhi.
USA gam palâi nuolhât ziehin tamza khumza greenhouse huizâng suhkiem dîng chithu a kithukimtheita sih uhhi. Hinanleh, Canada leh gam 36 te’n Kyoto Treaty namdetna a nei chietta u’a,tuachiin amaute kikâl ah kihoukhawmna nei a,tuachiin kitûhtâhna lienpi toh tup leh ngîm phatna nei kia dîngin zong a kihânchiem chiet ta uhhi. Tuachiin 2020 kum dongin meikhu pieng mawngmawng 1990 kum a sândân sânga zâlah a 25 patsa 40(25-40%) kiemsahzaw (tawmsah zaw) dîng chi’n a kithukim chietta uhhi.
Gam dangte; India,China,USA leh gam 150 te in vâng bangma kamchiem,tup leh ngîm a bawl sih uhhi. Gammâng phietmangna in leitung ah greenhouse meikhu zâ lah a sawmni(20%) a piengsah hi. Tuaziehin,Bali khopi a hing kikhawm gam palâite’n gammâng phietmangna douna díngin dollar sângtûlza tampi pekhe dîngun kamchiem a bawl uhhi. Tami i chi chiengin gammâng suonkiana dîngin,mâilam hun chiengleh gamkhangsate’n gamkhangpante dollar sângtûlza 23 a pedîng uhhi,chi’n a kithukim uhhi.
Tam khawmpi lawchinna bangzieh e? i chi leh; hun peisa a USA gam tel lou a na om pen, tam mun panin a’ng telthei a, a’ng sunglût thei khu ahi. Leitung pumpi a khantouna leh a thupina toh bei dîng a’diei ?

Kalbon Ketot(Carbon Footprint)
Vânlêng tuon,Mawtaw tuon,khawlmeivâh zah leh innsung vanzah tuomtuomte patsa mimal ahilouleh innsung khat in Carbon meikhu a piensah(pawtsah) khu Kalbon Ketot(Carbon Footprint) kichi ahi. Mimal khat in kalbon ketot kum khat in tan(ton) tampi a piengsahzou hi. Singkungte’n Kalbon dioxide a hîplut(atawp) ahimanin,tami Kalbon Ketot suhbeitheina dîngin singkungte suonna dînga sumtang a tuothei(peihthei,thawthei) ahi.
Kalbon Credit(Carbon credit)
I kalbon ketot beitheina dîngin sum leh pâi sêngin kalbon credit a kileithei hi. Tami i lei nuom leh UN Agency tungtawn a,i min i khumlût ngâi ahi.
Nobel Peace Prize 2007
USA gam Vice-president (kumpinêu) masa Pu Algore leh New Delhi a om UNO phukhiet IPCC tegêl in Leitung satna toh kisai a,ngâikhâwhna leh veinatna a nei uh toh kituohin mukhietna leh pulahna a’ng nei zieh un, Nobel Peace Prize vâihawmte’n 2007 kum a Nobel Peace Prize pen, Pu Algore leh New Delhi a om UNO phukhiet; IPCC tegêl a hawmpieh uhhi. Pu Algore ahileh USA gam sunga huikhuo opdân toh kisai a,thu leh la gên hâtpên ahia, ama’n leitung satna toh kisaiin,flim minthang mama khat a na
bawlkhie hi. Tutu a,IPCC Chairman Pu.R.K Pachauri ahi.
Sources of references
1 . EcoBridge website
2. Live Science website
3. Young People Trust for Environment website
4. Natural Resource Defense Council(NRDC),USA
5. Times of India 2007
6. Manaroma Yearbook 2007
7. Time for change website
8. Signs from Earth; The Big Thaw of National Geographic
9. TOI article Global Warming Earth on Fire dated November 28,2007)

Thuteng poimawte hâmbu(Glossary of important words)
A sâng a sîng a=a tûl a tûl a.by/in thousands and thousands.
Bilding=Building
Bíng=Anaerobic
Binghit=Anaerobic bacteria
Bíngmuotna=Anaerobic reaction/condition
Carbon Cycle=Singkungte’n a hinsung un carbon dioxide huizâng a hîplût u’a, a si ciengun carbon dioxide huizâng a’ng pusuohdoh hi. Tam banga carbon dioxide huizâng lût leh pusuoh silpieng khu Carbon Cycle kici ahi.
Chimulthawhuoi=Horrifying,Terrifying,Terrible
Dânin=As per
Digri=Degree
Dungzuiin=According to
Ekal=Acre
Etkhietna=Ekhiehna.Model
Flim= Film
Gamgaw=Desert,Arid land
Gamgawna=Drought
Gamkâhna=Forest fire
Gamkaipi= Continent
Gamkhanglou=Undeveloped country
Gamkhangpan=Developing country
Gamkhangsa=Developed country
Gamkithum= Peninsula
Gammâng=Forest,Woods
Gammâng Phietmangna=Forest Clearance,Deforestation
Gammâng Suonkiana= Afforestation
Gammâng Vot=Temperate Forest
Gamngiem=Basin,Lowland
Gamzâng=Valley,Plain area
Gamzawng= Poor country
Ganhing namte=Animal species
Ganhingsuisiem=Zoology
Garithâu=Petrol,Gasoline
Gimtuikâp=Perfume,Aerosols.
Guokiehna gammâng= Rainforest,Tropical rainforest
Guozuh-Nisat=Khuo.Weather
Hâl=Fertiliser
Hânchiem= Strive,Aim at,Try
Hawm=Vang. hole
Hingsuisiem=Biologist
Hinna Biel=Ecosystem
Hinnanei= Nuntâtnanei. Living being,Living thing
Hitmêngte=Microbes,Microrganism
Hlum=To flood,To cover with water
Hlup=Tup,Flooded
Hlûtmang=Burn out,Smoke out
Hu=Heat,Radiation
Huhoilou=Harmful rays,Harmful radiation
Hui=Air
Huikhuo Opdân Kikhêlna=Climate/Climatic Change
Huikhuo Opdân=Climate
Huikhuo=Atmosphere
Huilân=Blowing Of Wind,Breezing
Huilâng=Wind
Huinieh=Air Pollution
Hui thahâtna=Wind power/energy

Huivot-huisa mesin=Airconditioner,AC
Huizâng=Gas
Huoisetah=Extreme,Terrible,Horrible,Serious
Husa=Heat wave
Huvot=Cold wave
Huzâp=Affect
Kalsiem= Calcium
Kamchiem=Thuchiem.Commitment,Promise
Khâllâi=Season of Autumn,Dry season.
Khangsa=Developed
Khanglou=Undeveloped
Khangpan=Developing
Khanletna=Civilisation
Khawlmeivâh=Electricity
Khawlmeivâh Siemna=Electricity Plant,Power Plant
Khawlsilsiem= Industrial
Khawlsilsiem khang= Industrial Age/Era
Khawlsilsiem Kikhêlna=Industrial Revolution
Khawlsilsiemna=Factory,Industry
Khopihui=Storm,Thunderstorm
Khopihuisie=Gale,Typhoon,Hurricane
Khuo=Guozuh-nisat. Weather
Kiem=Decrease,Diminish,Fall
Kiemzou=Decreased
Kigawl=Stored,Trapped
Kihleng Ngailou=Consistent,Permanent
Kikhêlna=Revolution,Metamorphosis
Kikhíntou= Recede,Move back upward
Kikul=Kikhum,Kivua.Buried,Trapped
Kikulna huizâng=Sâu-eng huizâng.Greenhouse gas
Kithukimna=Agreement,Memorandum of Understanding
Kitûhtâhna=Commitment,Binding
Kúl=Necessary,Needed
Kumzalom=Century
Leikên=Minchím. Landslide
Leithâu=Fossil Fuel,Mineral oil

Leitung= Earth,Globe,Global
Leitung Hu=Earth’s Heat
Leitung lâilung=Tropics
Leitung sâlevot tângpi= Average global temperature
Leitung Satna=Global Warming
Lêngmang=Radiate,Reflect
Lienpên= Primary,Main
Lih-li=Bottle
Limguong=Graph
Louhlaw=Louhaw.Agriculture
Luidung muate=River estuaries
Luongmang=Erode,Run off
Mangthâi=Mangthang. Disappear,Perish,Vanish
Mangthang=Mangthâi.Disappear,Vanish,Perish,Die out
Mawtaw=Gari,Vehicle,Motor Car
Meikhu=Emission,Smoke
Meikhusie=Smog
Meilêngsai=Train/Railway station
Meivâhngou=Fluoroscent light/bulb
Meivâhsan=Incandescent light/bulb
Mêl=Mile
Mesin=Khawl. Machine
Minchîm=Menchím,Leikên. Landslide
Mipil=Sâintis.Scientist
Mukhietdân=Finding
Muolsou=Volcano
Ngami=Whale,Dolphin
Nisa thahâtna=Solar energy
Nisa=Solar,Sun’s heat
Nisahu=Solar Radiation,Sun’s Heat
Nisahu huoisetah=Extreme heat waves
Nuntâtnanei= Hinnananei. Living being,Living thing
Nuòi=Sângza,Tûlza,Nuawi. Lakh(100,000)
Omza=Omzât. Amount,Quantity, Level of a thing
Ozone Hawm=Ozone hole
Ozone phêng= Ozone layer
Pa=Thin,Slender
Palâi=Representative,Leader
Pari=Approximately one hectare
Pazou=Became thin,thinned out
Phalbi=Winter,Cold season
Phawipi=Blanket
Phêng= Sheet,Layer
Phietmang=Sweep away,Abolish,Deforest,Cut down
Phua=Fell e.g a tree,Cut down,Hew down
Phut=Drive a stake or sth,Erect,Establish,Found
Phukhiet= Established,Thing that is established.
Piengsah= Source,Origin
Pienna= Source,Origin
Pua=Fall,Collapse
Pumlum=Entire,Whole,Fully
Pumpei=Pingpei. Cyclone
Punna=Increase
Pusuoh= Come out,Emerge
Sà= Thick
Sâintis= Mipil.Scientist
Sakhuongsâng= Dinosaur
Sâlevot=Temperature
Sândân=Level,Height
Sântou= Rising of level,Upliftment
Sâng=Tûl.Thousand
Sângtûl= Million(1000,000)
Sângza=Tûlza,Nuawi,Nuoi. Lakh(100,000)
Sângtûlza= Billion(100,000,000)
Satdân= Degree,Heat
Satkikulna=Sâu-eng suhkhâhna,Sâu-eng vielna.Greenhouse effect
Satna= Warming,Heating
Sâu-eng huizâng=Greenhouse Gas
Sâu-eng suhkhâhna=Sâu-eng vielna. Greenhouse Effect
Sêthumsuosêni=2/3rd
Sillamdang= Mysterious events,Unnatural phenomena
Silsâì=By-product
Silsie=Harmful thing,Harm,Bad thing
Silsiem=Product,Creation
Silsiemna=Factory,Industry
Sim= Attack,Raid
Simsênglou=Simsienglou.Countless,Infinite
Simsienglou=Simsênglou.Countless,Infinite
Singhûi-suon ghûi=Vegetations,Roots.
Singkung Hâlna=Wood Burning
Singlouhingsuisiem=Botanist
Suhpungna=Feedback process
Sua=Forceful,Strong,Powerful
Suhdihna=Correction,Corrective measure,Corrigendum
Summetbawlna= Business
Suonkiana=Replantation,Afforestation,Act of planting again
Suonmang=Displace out
Suongmeihol=Coal
Suongphûm=Foundation,Base
Tan=Ton,1000 Kgs
Tângpi=Average,General
Tawkhietna= Mine
Tâwp=Absorb
Têkâh=Compare
Teknolozi=Tegnawloji,Tegnolozi,Technology
Tembawsai=Harbour,Port
Tênna=Habitat,Dwelling,Residence
Teutu=Rebound,Reflect
Thahâtna=Energy,Power
Thâutui=Petrol,Oil
Thoukâng chithuopi=Malaria,Dengue
Thûhna munte=Depths
Tualâi=Tuhlâi.Rainy season,Wet season
Tuaziehin=Therefore,That is why
Tui= Water,Aquatic
Tuihusuoh=Evaporate
Tuihusuohna=Evaporation
Tuikângpi=Ocean
Tuikângpi Luongte=Ocean Currents
Tuikeppâh=Coral
Tuikuolgam=Island
Tuilóu=Wet cultivation/field,Paddy cultivation
Tuiluong Kivielte=Circulation Of Water Currents
Tuipi=Sea,Marine
Tuipihuisie=Typhoon
Tuipipang=Coast,Coastal
Tuisânglêt=Tuikhanglien,Tuizîn. Flood,Deluge
Tuisieng=Freshwater,Natural water,Pure water
Tuivotsahna mesin=Refrigerator,Fridge
Tûl=Sâng.Thousand(1,000)
Tûlza=Sângza,Nuawi,Nuoi. Lakh(1,00,000)
Tum=Hlum. To flood
Tunpi=Kholum.Summer season,Hot/warm season
Tuomkhum= Tuomlu. Envelop,Wrap,Cover
Tup=Hlup. Flooded.
Vang=Hawm. Hole
Vânhawm=Outer Space
Vânlêngsai=Airport,Aerodrome
Vânthamzawl=Space,Cosmos
Vâtmang=Cut down,Hew,Slash down
Veiden=Ever remain,Survive,Stagnate
Vuagam=Tundra region,Snowland,Snow region
Vuakhal=Permafrost,Frozen ice
Vuakhalgam=Permafrost Region
Vuakhallu=Pole;simlam vuakhallu=south pole,
mâllam vuakhallu=north pole
Vuakhaltâng=Vuamuol.Glacier
Vuakhang=Ice Age
Vuakiehna=Snowfall
Vualam=Ice Route
Vuamuol=Vuakhaltâng. Glacier
Vuatum=Iceberg
Vutvâi= Ash particles,dust particles.
Vut=Pierce,Drill,Make hole
Vutvang=Pierce out,Make open hole
Zapi sigamna=Zapi shigamna. Mass extinction
Zun=Zunna. Thawing
Zung=Melt,Thaw
Zungmang=Melt away


LÂITENG ZAHDÂN
AWSUODÂN(OKAIDÂN)/LAWDÂN/LAMDÂN
Tami lâibu sunga hâmtengte(thutengte) na sim cienga okaidân tam anei a bangin zuiin:-
‘a’ pên kam,lam,tam,nam,sam; gindân a tom ginsah dîng.
‘â’ pên lâm,hâm,pâm,nâm,sâm,vâm,gindâna sâu ginsah dîng.
‘aw’ pên Kawl,sawl,lawl,tawl,pawl; gindân a sâu ginsah dîng.
‘o’ pên hon,jong,hong,long,pong,song,tong,vong,zong,ong,om;gin
-dân a tom ginsah dîng.
‘e’pên bel,gel,hel,lel,pel,tel,sel; gindân a tom ginsah dîng.
‘ê’pên hêng,hlênglêng,gêng,gêt,hêt,lêt,mêt,pêt,têt,vêt,pêng,sêng,kêng
gindân a sâu ginsah dîng.
‘i’pên English ‘E’,hit,mit,kil,gil,hil,pil,sil,; gindân a ginsah dîng.
‘î’ pên ,English ‘Ê’sâu,hîng,sîng,ît,kîl ;gindân a sâuginsah dîng.
‘u’ pên um,tum,tun,tung,tut,lung,lum; gindân a ginsah dîng.
‘û’ pên ûm,kûn,lûn,sûn,tûn,zûn ;gindân a sâu ginsah dîng.
Theidîng:
Peipidân/Zûidân(Hunterian Convention)dungzûiin,Topa,TothumPasien,
Zo,Zogam,Zokam,Zomi thutengte ah ‘O’ beh kizang ahi. Bou,dou,gielzou,gou,hou,kou,lou,mou,nezou,pezou,nou,phou,pou,sou,
thou,toukoh(owl),touna,toupi,zou thutengte leh adangdang te ah ‘OU’ kizang ahi.
PRONUNCIATION
Please follow the pronunciation as given below :- ‘a’ as pronounced in rat,mat,normal,formal,woman,fat.
‘â’ as pronounced in far,par,car,father,bar,mar,farm.
‘aw’as pronounced in saw,law,raw,jaw,paw.
‘o’as pronounced in on,got,hot,jot,lot,pot,rot,pot.
‘e’as pronounced in bet,jet,kettle,letter,met,net,pet,set,vet.
‘ê’as pronounced in bay,hay,they,hey,cafe,say,may,lay,pay,ray,
‘i’as pronouned in E,gin,pin,tin,hit,kit,lit,sin,tin,win.
‘î’as pronounced in Ê,keel,sardine,Kashmir,seen,teen,lean.
‘u’as pronounced in put,full,pull,bull
‘û’as pronounced in boot,hoot,crucifix,cool,tool,loot,moot,soot.
Note: ‘O’ is pronounced as ‘OU’ in cases of the names of proper nouns such as Zo,Zogam,Zoheisa,Zodamtui etc (as Convention) in other cases it is pronounced as in Go,Ho,Lo,No,So.
‘Aw’ is long ‘o’ sound so that Taw+i sounds like /taw:i/,toy:i/
The symbol / is for rising tone, \ is for falling tone.
The symbol ^ is for long level tone vowel,no symbol for short level tone.
C or Ch is pronounced as in Aceh,Change,Cheese.
‘Hla’ is aveolar sound,pronounced in between ‘lha’ and ‘thla’.

A GLIMPSE OF ZO LANGUAGE AND SOME COGNATE LANGUAGES

There are various linguistic realms/regions amongst the Kuki-Chin family of Tibeto-Burman race(based on Grierson's LSI classifications) depending upon the spatial distribution of mores,cultures and traditions. These are Zo realm,Simlam realm,Thado-Kuki realm,Paite realm,Vaiphei, realm,Gangte realm,Mizo realm,Hmar realm,Khalkha realm,Falam realm,Haka realm,Siyang realm and other related realms. This system of classification into various realms is not strictly rigid since there can be more or less realms or sub-realms. The Vaiphei,Gângte,Tedim-Chin,Paite,Mizo,Hmar realms may be classified as ‘K-ending’ group as a whole. Further amongst the K-ending groups there are ‘R-beginning ’ and ‘G-beginning’ groups. Zo(Hâidawi,Khodâi,Khuongnung/Simte) and Thado-Kuki may be classified as ‘H-ending’& ‘G beginning’ Groups. Other classifications can be such as ‘IA/UA and IE/UO sub-groups,Hing sub-groups,Hung sub-groups, Hong sub-groups,Hang sub-groups,Sih sub-groups and Kei sub-groups etc.The Zo realm can be divided into 4(four) sub-realms viz; Hâidawi sub-realm,Khodâi sub-realm,Thangkhâl sub-realm,and Khuongnung sub-realm.

Now, let us discuss them one by one in nutshell.

Hâidawi sub-realm is considered to be the oldest and the most ancient amongst the languages(dialects). It is believed to be the original stock(root) of Zo language and other Zo dialects as told by oral traditions by the elders. It is recognised by the frequent usages of Hang instead of Hing,Hung&Hong, Sih instead of Kei,Vang instead of Ning. Ha,hapi,hakie,hlakie instead of Kha,Khapi,Khakie,etc. Imploring word such as ‘Ei’ is used in ordinary speech and in poetic words in place of Hing or Ang. Vawi,vawng,ve’ng etc are employed in this sub-realm. The phoneme ‘HL’ of Zo(Hâidawi) is aveolar(tip of tongue touches backside of front teeth and the air is released) in sound which is pronounced somewhere in between the phonemes of Mizo ‘thla’ leh Thado-Kuki phoneme ‘lha’. It is allophone of form consonant ‘H’. The word Thuâ ‘Sour’ in Zo becomes ‘Thûh’ in Simte,Tiddim-Chin,Thado-Kuki,Gangte,Vâiphei etc. It becomes ‘Thûr’ in Hmar,Lusei(Mizo). The word Thûh ‘Deep’ becomes ‘Thûk’ in Gangte,Vâiphei,Tiddim-Chin,Lusei(Mizo) etc. Thus we see,that the phoneme ‘a’ becomes ‘h’ or ‘k’ in some cognate languages of this realm. It is rich in thrasonical songs,threnody, patriotic songs and Romantic songs.

The Khodâi sub-realm is identified by mixture of above realms. It often employs the letter/phoneme ‘K’ at the end of a word such as tak in place of Tah, Sak in place of Sah etc. Hang or Ang is often used in place of Hing,Hong or Hung.

The Thangkhâl sub-realm relies heavily on the sounds of Hung instead of Hing,Kei instead of Sih, Ning in place of Vang,Ku’ng in place of Ka’ng,Nu’ng in place of Na’ng, Ni is used in place of Vai. Kha,Khapi,Khakie instead of Ha/Hla,Hlapi,Hlakie etc. This sub- realm is credited with many romantic folksongs. It seems to be admixture of Zo,Tedim-Chin,Thado-Kuki realms,still it is classified under Zo realm because of its closeness to the Hâidawi and Khodâi sub-realms in using demonstrative pronouns.

The Khuongnung sub-realm is characterised by the present Simte of India. Here Hung is used instead of Hing, Thian is used in place of Sien/Sian,Ning in place of Vang,Ni is employed in place of Vai. Chiah in place of Pei or pai. One distinctive feature of the Khuongnung realm is employment of words ending with the nasal stop ‘H’,invariably in most of the words,which is of course inflections from original words. In this realm,Tha(new) becomes Thah,Khangtha becomes Khangthah,da(sad) becomes dah,dangta(thirsty) becomes dangtah etc. It is seems to be admixtures of by Thado-Kuki realm,Lusei realm,Paite realm and Tedim-Chin realm the main base language being Zo.

The Simlam realm is represented by the Tedim/Tiddim-Chin culture. Here,the styles quite vary from the Hâidawi,Khodâi and Thangkhâl. Ciah is used in place of Pai or pei. Hong is employed in place of Hing, Kei is used in place of Sih. Almost all the words are glottal stop ‘K’ ending. It employs ‘C’ instead of ‘Ch’. Si in place of Shi. Ni is used in place of Vai of Zo realm. Ning is used in place of Vang,Vawng of Zo(Hâidawi). Ve ni is used in place of Va ui. It uses IA/UA system and so ;Suak in place of Suoh. It is one of the closest realms with respect to Zo realm. The base language must have been Teizang dialect. It is also very rich in folksongs and modern songs. The real difference between Zo realm and Tedim-Chin realm is in the use of nasal ‘H’ and glottal stop ‘K’ respectively,otherwise their phonetics do not vary much in reality. The spelling conventions have altered most of its original phonic patterns for alteast a hundred year or so.

Paite realm and Tiddim-Chin realm are very close except for few differences in usage of spellings such as; Ch is used instead of C. Ou is used instead of O. ‘Shi’ is used in place of ‘Si’ of Tedim-Chin realm. Like Tedim-Chin and Zo( Hâidawi) sub-realm the word ‘Om’ is used instead of Um. Pai is employed in place of Pei of Zo(Hâidawi) or Ciah of Tedim-Chin. In some cases, R is used such as ‘rengreng,remna’ etc which must have been borrowed from Lusei(Lushai/Mizo) realm. It seems to be younger than the previous realm. It is very close to Zo realm in its poetical forms and modern songs.

In the Thado-Kuki realm in Sih inflected as Hih. T takes the form of Ch and so,Tun becomes Chun, Hing becomes Hin or Hung, Ta becomes Cha. Che or chieh is employed in place of Pei or pai or Chiah. Like Zo(Hâidawi) and Simte certain words end with nasal stop ‘H’and some words begin with phoneme ‘LH’. E.g; Lhâng,Gollhang,Lhapi,lhung etc. In some cases, S inflects into TH,and so Sing inflects to become Thing. In other cases, the phoneme T is inflected into CH. E.g; Têng-->(becomes)Chêng. The word ‘Om’ in Zo(Hâidawi)/Tedim/Paite becomes(inflects into) ‘Um’. This realm can be sub-classified as ‘IE’ /‘UO’ sub-group and ‘E’ /’O’ sub-group. Earlier,prints of Thado-Kuki song books i.e Lathah Bu(Palal Labu) uses the spelling ‘LEN’ in place of LIEN or LIAN. Sopi is used instead of Suopi or Suapi. Nom in place of Nuom or Nuam. The Suongmantam Dictionary and School Chapang Dictionary both in Thado-Kuki employs phonemes ‘IE’/’UO’ instead of ‘E’/‘O’. This realm is also very rich in folksongs and modern songs.

Lusei/Lushai realm,now also known as Mizo realm is not so rich in folksongs but it is rich in Modern Christian Songs.It uses Chh in place of S, TH instead of S, O instead of OU, IA/UA in place of IE/UO. Around 1915 or so, the ‘IE/UO’ was used by the White rulers as given in ‘Gazetteer of Northern Lushai Hills’ by A.W.Davis,I.C.S,Political Agent of North Lushai Hills. When did the shifting of phonemes from IE/UO to IA/UA take place is not known. The symbol (^) was also in vogue. ‘An’ seems to be inflection of Zo(Hâidawi) word ‘Hang’. SUH seems to be inflection of SIH. It has influenced all the realms with these modern Christian songs since 1950s.

Hmar realm is very rich in folksongs. This realm is identified by the use of phoneme ‘R’ in place of ‘G’ as in Mizo realm. It employs phonemes ‘IE/UO’ in place of IA/UA as in Zo and Gângte. SIH seems to be inflected into Nawh/noh. Here also,the word ‘Hung’ is used in place of Hing,Hong, Hang. It has rich folktales and legends.

Vâiphei realm is admixture of many realms. Hing -->(becomes) Hung. Like, Zo(Hâidawi) the syllable/word ‘Ei’ is used in place Hung. T-->(becomes)Ch thus; Tun-->Chun,Ta-->Cha,Teng-->Cheng,Sih-->Puai. Here syllables ‘IA/UA’ are employed in place of syllables ‘IE/UO’ being similar to the Tedim-Chin,Mizo(Lusei),Paite realms. Just as as in Tedim-Chin,Paite,Gangte,Lusei leh Hmar realms some words ends with glottal stop ‘K’ Examples ‘zieh/jieh’.becomes ‘ziak . The demonstrative pronoun is written as ‘zia’. It seems to be complex mixture of Tedim-Chin,Thado-Kuki,Mizo(Lusei) and Zo realms.

Gângte realm is similar to Vâiphei realm and it is a mixture of many tongues. Here also,Hing becomes Hung or else ‘Ei’ as in Zo(Hâidawi). It possesses rich folktales of olden days. Ch is employed in place of T. Likewise; Tun-->(becomes)Chun, Ta-->Cha, Tem-->Chem, Teng-->Cheng, Tung-->Chung, Puai of Vâiphei becomes Puoi,it is used in place of Kei,Sih,Hih,Nawh/noh. Here syllables ‘IE/UO’ are employed in place of syllables ‘IA/UA’ being similar to the Zo and Hmar realms. As in the case of Tedim-Chin,Paite,Vâiphei,Mizo(Lusei) and Hmar realms some words ends with ‘K’ Examples ‘zieh/jieh’.becomes ‘ziek . The demonstrative pronoun is written as ‘zie’. Compare with Vâiphei realm ‘zia’. It is rich in folktales,traditional songs as well as modern songs.

Lastly,considering all these linguistic realms,the Zo realm has its own uniqueness amongst all these realms. Because the demonstrative pronouns/adjectives and the adverbs of place in this realm is completely different from that of all the other realms. In all the other realms the demonstrative pronouns are;hi,hih,hiai,himi,he,hiche whereas in the Zo(Hâidawi) the demonstrative pronouns/adjectives are ; ‘ta,tam,tami,tammi’. For these reasons Zo realm is unique and it stands apart from all others in these respects,perhaps; a feature of its antiquity. The adverbs of place in other realms are; hiah,huah,huai ah,hu, but in Zo(Hâidawi) realm the adverbs of place are ; tan,tana,tanah,khunah,khum,khumnah.

In all these realms,the phonetics/phonology/phonic patterns do not vary much but due to the introduction of Whiteman’s system of orthography which did not consider the actual phonetics and sounds of the native speakers therefore,many of the words of the original mother tongues had suffered several phonetic changes;leading to further differentiations in terms of dialects(dialectical variations). Thus, leading to disintegration into ethnic groupings founded on the bases of dialects. Most of the inflections found in Zo language has been discontinued in other cognate languages such as Simte,Paite,Tedim-Chin,Gangte,Vaiphei etc. Perhaps,because of this reason, J.H Cope must had remarked that Zo tongue is not easy to learn. T herefore, Zo language is very difficult to learn as compared to other cognate languages. With the publications of the two versions of Holy Bibles viz; The Pasian Lai siengthou(Holy Bible in Zo 1983 A.D) and The Holy Bible in Zomi(1995) both of them became the springboards for the preservation and development of Zo/Zou literature in India and Burma(Myanmar).

The consonantal and vowel to consonantal shifts are summed up as below:- The symbol --> denotes 'becomes'a or â --> h,k as in Thuâ-->Thuh,Thuk,
a or â -->ah,âh,ak,âk as in Da-->Dah,Dâ-->Dâh,Thâ-->Thâh,Thâk,Mama-->mahmahang--> ing,ong,ung as in Hang-->Hing,Hong,Hunge becomes a as in Chien-->Chian,Khie-->Khia,Lien-->Lian,Nieng-->Niang,Sieng-->Siangg-->r as in Gam-->Ram,Gou-->Ro,Rouh-->k,r as in Tah-->Tak, Sah-->Sak,Uh-->Uk,Zieh-->Ziek,Suoh-->SuokPâh-->Pâr i.e Zozâm pâh-->Zozâm pâr
i-->ih as in hoi-->hoih,koih,Nui-->Nuih,Sui-->Suih(Simte,Tiddim-Chin,Paite)s-->h as in Sih-->Hiht-->C,Ch as in Teng-->Cheng,Ceng,Tûn-->Cûn,Chûn,Chieng-->Tieng,Teng,Tem-->Chem,CemNegative markers: Lou-->Lo,Loh; Sih-->Kei,Puai,Puoi,Poi,NohProposition markers: Ni-->Vâ’i, Ni’ng-->Va’ngIn some instances the phonemeo-->a, Uo-->Ua as in Puo-->Pua, Suo-->Sua(Paite,Tiddim-Chin,Mizo,Vâiphei)Omission Rules as in Thado-KukiI is omitted as in Lien-->Len,Chien-->ChenU is omitted as in Suopi-->Sopi,Suong-->SongH(Zo)-->hl(Zo), kh(Tiddim-Chin,Paite,Vâiphei, Th(Gangte),Thl(Hmar,Mizo) e.g; ha-->hla,kha,Tha,ThlaHl-->Lh(Thadou-Kuki),Thl(Mizo)
The demonstrative pronouns in other realms are ; hi,hih,hiai,himi,he,hiche whereas in the Zo(Hâidawi) the demonstrative pronouns are ; ‘ta,tam,tami,tammi’; perhaps a feature of its antiquity. The adverbs of place in other realms are; hiah,huah,huai ah,hu, but in Zo(Hâidawi) realm the adverbs of place are ; tan,tana,tanah,khunah,khum,khumnah.The Zo tongue is gradually undergoing changes original phonic patterns especially in Lamka(Churachandpur district) all the same people still write in their mother tongue(basing The Holy Bible in Zo-1983 and The Holy Bible in Zomi-1995) while recording or publishing books or in their daily writings.Conclusion:On the basis of the above analyses,we see several features of linguistic affinities and similarities of Zo language with respect to other cognate languages and there is high degree of mutual intelligibility amongst these cognate languages. It looks as if Zo language is the proto-language i.e stock/base language of these various cognate languages. The antiquity of Zo language is mentioned back to 850 A.D in some books. In course of spatial dispersion of the Zo people,this language must have suffered consonantal inflections and derivational changes leading to emergence of several dialects of the original Zo language. In fact,there are no vowel/phonemic changes observed in actual speech of native speakers,whatever vowel/phonemic changes we find today are the consequences of the adoption of Whiteman’s orthographies which did not analyse the phonology of native speakers in depth. Thus,the system of writing has changed the phonemes of some languages 1920s. These variations are bound to increase with the passing of time. Therefore,the real challenges are in the hands of our young generations who could do a lot of research to find out the real proto-language of all these cognate languages and try to evolve some kind of common system of writing for all of these cognate languages which is achievable if one has the will to do it in the spirit of give and take.
-Philip ThanglienmângDANICSB.E(Civil),M.A(Linguistics)

LAWCHINNA LEH LAWSAPNA

Abraham Lincoln Americate President a chin ma in nivei tah Senator dinmun a na tu(contest) a,hinanleh achingZou sih hi. Mipite,a lawm a guolte leh politisiente’n ama pen a ênghou u’a, “mi vângsepên tualeh chitlana toh kidimpa” chi’n a nuisat uhhi. Athumveina chieng tan a,a chinla bepin a lungtang na sa sêngsêng in a buoigawpta hi.
Zân khomiel, guochîn buonnawi lah ah a lungtang gim pum in a chinlanate ngaituo kawm in pheiphung asuon hi. Tuachia lungsim ngaituona thûh tah toh apei lâitah in tuol nâl in a kitawnkhawsuh a,buonnawi lah tuol ah a kihlung ta hi.
Tua bepin ama zong kisang pai in thakhat in a dingdoh pai hi.
Ama leh ama a kihenêm na in hichi in a gên hi, “Akitawnkhaw ka hia a pua ka hi sih hi” a chita hi.
Tam banga thu ahi chi gên e? I chi leh ama’n a chinlana khu a pomthei lou zieh ahi.
A chinlanate(lawsapnate) in a hinkhuo sunga atupnate a tongkhasah sih hi.
Mi lungsim hâtpa khat in a chinlana khu awlsamtahin a posiem thei hi.
Ling leh khâute’n lampi tungtawn a kikham singkung ahisihleh singluong a tuo chiengun a nuakia sih u’a, tuami singkung, singluong a kimat u’a tuanah a kiviel a kiviel u’a ama uh a kisawn phei zêl hi.
Tui luong lâi in silkikham(obstacle) khat a tuo chiengin a khawl siha,tua silkikham pen a vedoh a,tuachi’n a luon khawl tuon sih hi.
Lawchinna(success) leh lawsapna/chinlana(failure) sumtang(coin) langni toh kibang ahi. Thomas Huxley in hichi in a gên hi, “Mihing hinkhuo bul lam a chinlanate pen mihing pawl sungah nua chiengin a panna tampi a om hi. Chinlana/lawsapna pomnuomloute pên a hinkhuo sung u’a kisinna thupi khat theilou a suoh hi” achi hi.
Lawchinna hinkhuo mang vang na chi leh,lungsim pilna(intelligence) ngen na sui dîng ahi sih a,theina(knowledge) zong na ngaipoimaw a na sui ngîtngêt dîng ahi. Siltha tha thei besawm inlen,kidemna thatha tuosawm inlen, leisiet tunga silthatha thuthang piengte leh tungte theisawm veteh.
Tamteng bânah,chinlana/lawsapna na puohsiem thei nadîngin hânsanna lungtang kuo khinkhian in Psychologist(lungsimthei) minthang Dr.Robert Macmurie in mihing gamtatdân(behaviour) tampi a na suichienjou hi.Ama’n hichi’n a gên hi, “Mihing kimkhat pen a pil a siem vangun a om ngim sih u’a a hinkhuo uh a det zou sih hi.Tam bang mite’n chinlana(lawsapna apom nuom mawngmawng sih uhhi. Alawsapnate(chinlanate) pen midangte bawl zieh ahi chi’n a gênmâi sawm têitêi uhhi. Amaute pen hun dungzui in a kihleng nuom sih uhhi.” chi’n a na giel hi. Chinlana(lawsapna) a op sih leh lawchinna lampi a omthei tuon sih hi. Chinlana(lawsapna) leh lawchinna nung leh ma a kizuiton gêl ahibou hi. Chinlana(lawsapna) zou in lawchinna in a zuithei hi.
Chinlana in mihing khat chitlanate(drawbacks) leh hâtlanate(weaknesses) a theisah thei hi. Tami thu theite’n mihingte pohna(flattery) leh gênsietna(criticism) bangma in sim sih dîng hi.
Chinlana in mihing khat ama leh ama hina a kitheichiensah hi.
Mi kulkal khat pen mihingte patawina leh pohna zieha hinkhuo zang ahisih a,nanleh ama lungsim hâtna toh hinkhuo mang ahibou hi.
Tam bang mite ahileh; khutsiemte(artists),lâigielte(authors),politisiente ahi deu uhhi.
Ta bang mite in akîmvêl a silpiengte ziehin ahinkhuote uh atongkha sah sih uhhi.
Socrates in amâitang a gûtui kilui a mu a,a shi ngêi dîng a theita a,hinanleh thudih lampi a tâisan sih hi. Tam bang thudih pomna leh hângsanna pen theina apata hing kipan ahi. Theina apatin upna(tahsanna) a’ng pieng ahi. Mahni(eima leh eima) kitahsanna ziehin chinlana/lawsapna chinteng a’ng tun chiengin zong mihing khat pen a hât sêmsêm hi.
Mi lawchingte’n a tate uh a hinkhuo u’a, lawchindân dîng a hil uh a,chinlana lampi ah a pûi sih uhhi. Lawchinna kichi mihingte’n a hinsung u’a a sui gige uh ahi. Mi lawching khat in a lawsapnate a kuon in nunnêmna,zainêmna,kukalna,tahtâina chite a mihina in a kinei hi.
Lawchinna zahsiemloute’n kiletsahna leh kisahtheina in a zang u’a tuachi’n kipalpuana a tuoh let uhhi. Hinanlehzong,chinlana/lawpsapna(failure) in hâtna(strength) leh kingamna(confidence) a’ng tun a,lawchinna tuong sângdaw tungah a’ng tungsah thei a,tuanah kiletsah oplouna mun ahita hi.
Mi lawchinglou/lawsam(unsuccessful) khat in ama leh ama hinkhuo sungah dâi a kikailu a, ama thawm a ginse mama a,tualeh a kisathei(conceited) mama a, bangmaloupi zong a kithupisah mama hi. Amawh hâmhâm a,ahinkhuo tamzaw mite gêngsietna in azang bei hi. Adongman man in nupi sie bangin gên dîng gênlou dîng a khuol vatêh sih hi. Akam maimai toh atouna zâng apatin gamdung gamvâi teng a, vâihawm sawm phuat van in,atahtah a’ng chienga lah! mêl a muphâh hi vawtlou; tambang ahi mi lawsamte hindân leh optandân. A hina(identity) zong huimût suongse banga mangthang giap ahi. Tuipigei a tuihuol(wave) a’ng kibuh(collapse/break) chienga thawmging(sound) bang bep, tomkhat zou chienga a gin thengmang toh kitêthei giap ahi.
Tam bang mi pen a damsung in midangte hâzâtna, êngsietna leh uotna lungtang toh kidim zing hi.
Thupina a tun masangin Nunnêmna a om masa hi a na kichi hi.
Lawchinna leh lawsapna kikhendân pen nangma lungsim sunga kinga ahita hi. Na guollelna,na lunggimna,na lungkiehna,na lungmanna,na mangbatna leh sil tampi na hinkhuo sunga na tuote apatin bang e? Lawchinna kichi leh Lawsapna kichi na khenthei bep dîng ahi.
Lawchinna i ngatheina dînga bang e i bawl dîng uh?
Khatna ah,Na guollelnate suichien inlen Abraham Lincoln bangin thoupai inlen na masawn zêl in.
Anina ah, na chinlanate(lawsapnate),na khielnate leh chitlanate tengteng bangzieh e, chi’n len nang leh nangma ki-enchien phot in,tuabân ah,nangma pienlanate(drawbacks) thudihtahin kingaituo siem in tuachi leh na natohte tangtahin a’ng lamzang tou dîng hi.
Athumna ah,na vângsiet,na kâmsiet zieha lawsam ka hi chi si’n.
Bangzieh ahiei? chi’n sui sawm zaw lachin na mêtzaw dîng hi.

Alina ah, pang têntûn inlen,khawllou in theina tuomtuomte toh gawmkhawm inlen ki-etkhietna(experimentation) nei inlen na tup leh na ngîm pen tum khinkhian in.
Angana ah,Na lungsim zong kihongsah inlen suongtum bangin tâhsah si’n. Leitung kihlen bangin na gamtatnate zong hleng let in. Silbangkim zousie ah ahoi leh ahoilou(asie) langni chiet in a om hi. Ahoi lang zuisawm inlen ahoilou(asie) lang pâimang in.
Na lungsim sunga na ûtna leh na hlagâu in, deigaw tuntun na,anei leh silkhat poupou; tupna hita ve'n,ngîmna hitaven ahilouleh deigawna nanga ahi thei dîng hi. Na lungsim in atup têntûn pouleh lawchinna dîngin gamgi a kigît sih hi.Vânnuoi zousie nanga ahi thei hi. Tami ahi; Lawchinna dânpieh.
Atawpna ah, Zolâi Simpat bu(Zo Primer) sunga om thupil phuo khat i lungsim sung u’a i kuo khinkhian dîng un kahing tâlang hi:-

HUN
Hun leh tui luong in koima angâh vatêh sih hi.
Tu-a i hunbeisate khu akinuale ngai nawn sih a,
Nâupanlâi khu hun hoipên ahia,
Lâi leh bangkim zil hun ahi.
Na hoi zah leh, na let chiengin,
Milien-mipil hiva chin,
Na hoi man sih leh vâng,
Na let chiengin kisia vâteh
Tuaziehin na hun hoi zah in Lawm aw.

GENEALOGY OF PHILIP THANGLIENMÂNG

ZO N3S4 KNP PGTH SAIZA TUNGDIM SING HEL HIVIEL MAN HUL VIEL PAOHEL NGAM AWNHEL

1. ZO Circa 800-700 B.C

2. KIPMÂNG
3. NAWPHUT
4. NAWSONG
5. NEIMÂNG
6. SONGTHU
7. SUNGMÂNG
8. SONGKIP
9. SONGZA
10. KILHAWL
11. NGAWNGTOM
12. PHUNGHAWM
13.(i)PHUTHIL 13(ii)NÂNTAL
14.GÂBAWH
15.TALHÂNG
16.HILLÛN
17.i)SÂIZA 17(ii)SÂIKOP
18.(1.1 ) TUNGDIM 18.(2) TUNGNUNG

18.(1.2) Tunglut 18(1.3) Tungte
19:i)Sîngchîng 19(ii)Pângzâng 19(iii)Dimlun/Phunglun
20:i)Hinghel (2)Hânhil(Thangkhozâm of Lonpi,India

21:i)Hingviel 21(ii)Lutthang(Ngulkhopâu of Tâlzâng,Khampat,Myanmar)
22:Manhel
23.(i)Hûlsing 23(ii) Hellang[Vumchinpâu] 23(iii)Helvum
24:Vieltuong

25: i)Pâuhel 25(ii)Sîngson(Sonzathang of Paldâi,India)
26:Ngamhel
27: Awnkithang

28: 1) Heltut

28:2)Mângzathang

28:3)Suonkhen

28:3(i) Peter Thangkhokâm (28:3(i)/4th son) Philip Thanglienmâng

29: Joseph Thangcinmâng

(1926-2006

30: Tutlienkhûp

(1966- 2006)
31.i) Mângsienminlûn(Minor) 31(ii) Felix Mângzalien(b.2006)

INDIA GAM LEH TUIKUOLGAMTE KA ZINNA 1997

1994 kum in UPSC Exam ka gieldoh a, Delhi Andaman and Nicobar Isalnds Civil Service nga hi. Delhi Khopi ah kum khat sung vingveng training zilna ka bawlzou un India gamsung enkhe dîng in India kumpi in a thawn ahing sawl uhhi.

Ka lawm leh guolte pên Daman ana tungzouta uh hi.
Kei ka hileh inn lang a tomnou khat suti pei ka hi ziehin nimit 1 Gângpi hla 1997 kum in Phâipi vânlêng phuol apatin nai 4 li vêl in Kolkatta ka zuon hi, anitâh nai6.30 tuom in ka tung hi. Kolkatta apat in Mumbai zuon dîng in Airbus 300 vânlêng zân nai 10.30 in ka man a, zîngmawng nai 1.30 in Mumbai ka tungta hi.Mumbai apat in Daman zuon in meilêng nai 2.00 tuom in ka man a zîngmawng nai 9.30 in Daman ka tungta hi.
Daman khopi pên Arabian tuipi gei noukhat a om ahi. Munzâng ahi. Amite ahileh,Portuguese hlâh leh suonte ahi uh hi. Gujarati hâm bang khat a zang uh hi. Nêh leh tâh suina lam ah gên dîng hilei mite pên ngamat(fishing) leh khawlsilsiemna lam sm u’a khosa ahi uhhi. Sahkhuo lam ah Hindu,Christian leh Muslim om uh hi. Tuate lah ah Hindute tampen a ban ah Catholicte a tampên uh hi.
Nimit 14 Jan 97 ni in Daman a Zu kibawlna munte ah ka va kawikawita uh hi. Zu siemna munte a thupi mama hi. Plastic bawlna munte zong ka vê uh hi.
Nimit 15 Jan 97 nitâh lam in Daman a vâihawmpa Pu.S.P. Aggarwal in tuipi gei ah ann nêhkhawmna khat abawl a, tua mun ah chiel ka hina dungjui un ka jou uh hi.Tuipi pang ah tumphuol ka taw uh a nêh leh dawntheite tuitui tampi ka nê u’a a nop mama hi.

Nimit 17 Jan 97 ni in Daman apat in taxi ka la uh a Vapi ka zuon uhhi. Vapi khopi ah, meilêng ka man u’a, Mumbai nitâh lam in ka tung uh hi. Anitâh main Mumbai tuipi gei lah ah ka va vâh kawikawi uh hi. Tuipi gei minthang; Juhu Beach ah ka va haw a,sakol lêng ah ka va tou hi. Cinema a hing kilang mun -Marine Drive kichi mun ah ka vâh kuol kawikawi uh hi. Limlah siem minthang Govinda in la a asah zêl “bhêlpuri” ka va neta uh hi. Huisi lâng in chidam ludam a kâi kêi mama hi. Tam mun ah nikhat ka tâm uh hi.

GATEWAY OF INDIA LEH ELEPHANTA CAVE KA HAWNA:
Azîngni in Gateway of India ka en uh a lim ka kikâp hi. Tuamun panin, MotorBoat(mawtawkuong) ka man uh a Elephanta Cave(Sâipi Suongkul sung)en dîngin ka pei uh hi. Minit 45 zou tuom in a mun ka tungta uh hi.

Elephanta Cave ka tun tah un, tuipi lâikim lâi khat a muol kidaw khat ahi hi. Tua muol kîmvêl lah ah singkungte apou a, gamlah zong chithei phiel ahi. Ka kaltoutou uh a, avûm ka tun un, tua suonghawmte ka muta uh hi.Agei a, singbâte lah ah zawngte akidel lele kawi uh hi.Atam mama uh hi.Kolte gindân in pên tua zawngte khu Hanuman hâh-leh- suonte hidân a, agintât uh, ahizieh un, chanatang pou leh nêhthei tuomtuomte apie uh a, amaute pên agilkiel ngaisih uh hi. Tuamun a suonghawm omte pên a golthei mama uh hi.Asung ka va vêl chiengleh, khanglui lâi a Kol( Hindu) pasiente suonglim(statue) ngen in adim hi.Tuana Kol pasien kithupi bawl pên ahileh, SHIVA ahi.SHIVA suonglim khu inn sawng(dan) khat sâng in asângzaw dîng hi.Hui leh guo in sêt zing hivân in,tua suonglimte pên abal,amâi leh akêhkhê atamta mama hi.Limte ka kila a, amun a canteen khat ah sûn ann ka hing nê uh a, ka hing kumsuhta uh hi.
Motorboat ma in ka hing tuong uh a Mumbai ka tungta uh hi. Nitâh lam in, Juhu Beach; Marine Drive ah ka vâh zêl uh a, tuipi gei a suongtum kichiengte lah ah ka va vumkhawl zêl uh hi. Nitum kuon chite ka en let uh a lunglên ahuoi mama hi. Tuipi kinawng zêl athawmgin gin in i dîb a kosah hi. Huisi hing lâng in damna hui hing poleh kilawm mawh hi. A kingâizawngte bang tuipi gei suongtumte tung ah tou un a kikawi ngêtngût uh hi. Khumte ka mu chiengin cinema en ma ka bang hi. Zân hita in, thangvân zawl ah tung solhla hing vâh a, tuipi kinîl tungah a hla vâh a pheliplep a, Mumbai khopi salvâh hi.

Cochin ka zotna uh
Nimit 18 Jan 97 ni zân in Mumbai apat in Konkan Express meilêng ah ka tuong uh a, nimit 19 zîngmawng lam in Ernakulam(Kerala) meilêngsai ka tungta uh hi. Ernakulam apat in Cochin zuon in taxi ah ka pei uh hi. Cochin ah Lakshadweep House ah ka tung uh hi. Nimit 20Jan97 ni in Cochin khopi enkhe dîng in ka kipandoh
uh hi. Amasa pên in nidanglâi a Portuguese mikângte ana lam kulpite en dîngin motorboat ka sâp u’a tuikuolgam khat ah ka tungta uh hi.Kupi lui tampi ka etzou un kahing kilekiata uh hi. Cochin têmbawpi khawlmun(Cochin Harbour)ka va en u’a tuana apat in Cochin tuipi gei lah ah ka vâh kawikawi uh hi.

Tua mun a etnuomhuoi pên ahileh nidanglâi a Chinesete ngamatna lên(Chinese Fishing Net)liente ahi. Tam Chinese Fishing Net te pên tu a meitei nupite domlên toh kisûn ahi.
A kikhietna ahileh alet anêuna zieh ahi. Chinese domlênte pên lien mama uh hi.A kidoptou chieng in ahêhna(gear) khat a kihia chiengin a domlên lien khu ahing kidomkângtou thei pan ahi. Mite et maimai dîng a kikoi ahita hi.

St.Mary’s Cathedral, leh St.George’s Church
Khumzou in, ka pei pei u’a, bieh-innpi lui mamate; St.Mary’s Cathedral, leh St.George’s Church sung ah thumna ka va neita hi.Tuajou in,bieh-innpi khat sung a Vasco-Da-Gama kivuina hân ka va enkhekiata uh hi.

Cochin Jew Synagogue ka hawna uh
Ka guolte ni toh(Rajsekhar leh RP Meena)Cochin Jewte Synagogue sung ah thungetna ka va neita uh hi.
Lakshadweep ka zotna uh
Nimit 21 Jan 97 ni in Cochin nuasie in Lakshdweep zuon in nai 5 tuom in,Tipu Sultan têmbawpi ah ka tuongta uh hi. Têmbawpi ka tuonchîlna ahizieh in ka kithalawp mama hi.

Minicoy tuikuolgam ka tunna uh
Nimit 22 Jan hla zîngmawng nai 9 kuo lahtuom in Minicoy tuikuolgam ka tungta uh hi. Minicoy tuipi gei la thûhlou ahizieh in tua ka tuonna uh têmbawpi pên tuipi li lâi ah
A kihlou(anchor) a,kuong nêute in Minicoy tuipi gei ka gâlkâi uh hi. Khumna apat in Minicoy Lighthouse ka va en u’a, atung sâng ah ka kâitou uhhi. Atung sâng apat a ka khodâh chiengun, hui lân a sua mama a a zâuhuoi mama hi. Ka bildawnte nata bangin a kilîng dihdih a, ka samte a lêngtou vungvung a, a kitung, a kiphênkalâu va-iah hi. Ka khodâh suh leh ka mit a lâm dingdeng va ket hi. Ka phei et chiengin tuipi dum dide tawpna neilou bangin ka gâl mukhie a, tuipi eng dingdeng khu ka et chiengin ka mit a dam hieihiei mawh hi. Kahing kumsuh uh a, mun khat tui sien kilkel na mun ah ka kingap chiet uh a, tuipi tung ah ka kilâm kawikawi hi. Khumi mun ah, kuong nêunêute ana om a ka kitawl lele kawi hi. Tuipi sung a ka kizâp na amasa pên ahiziehin ka zâu sim mawh hi. Ka kam sung a tui ahing lut chiengin chi bangin a hlum(al) hi. Tuamun apat in ka pei uh a, SDOpu S.M.Ali DANICS officerpa inn ah ka tung u’a, ama in ann tuitah ahing nesah uhhi.
Annêh zaw in,têmbawpi zuon in kuong Jetty apatin kuong nêute sungah ka tuongkiata uhhi. Ka hing kile lang un, huipi a lânsie mama,a a sua mama hi. Khuziehin, ka kuongnêute uh pên tuipi kinîl leh kinawng in a suh le a toule tamawh a, ka kuongnêute uh pên kibungdoh dîng dinmun ah ahing omta hi. Theichîl leh tuochîl chitahma, ka dîp kuotkuot na in ka sisan kiem va hiau leh a kilawm hi. Kibungta mawh leh lah ka têmbawpi uh khawlna gamla na lâi hi a, tuingap(tuizâp) dîng hita leng bangtan ka tungzou diei chimaimai ka lungtang in gêlgêlta mawh hi.

Kalpeni tuikuolgam zuon a ka peina uh

Lungmang leh beidongtah a, ka up lâi un damtah in ka têmbawpi uh khawlna mun ka tungta uh a, tuachiin, Kalpeni tuikuolgam zuon in ka kihawtkiata lêulêu uhhi. Nimit 23 Jan hla zîngmawng nai 9.30 tuom in Kalpeni tuikuolgam ka tungta uhhi. Tamna zong têmbawpi tuipi li lâi ah a kinuasie hi. Kuongnêute sungah ka kitawlkia uhhi. Khum mun ah, tuipi sieng kilkel mun ah khat ah ka va kisilta uh hi.

Kavarati tuikuolgam Lakshadweep khopi ka zotna uh
Nimit 24 Jan hla zîngmawng nai 10.00A.M in Kavarati tuikuolgam ka tung uhhi.
Tamnah zong kuonngnêute ah ka kumsuh u’a Jetty lam zuon uhhi. Guest House nuom mama khat ah ka zintung uhhi. Kavarati pên Lakshadweep UT a dînga Headquarters/Capital ahi. Aletdân pên 4x6 sq.km beh ahi. Mun nêunou khat ahi. Tammun ah Administrator khat a um hi. Amite ahileh Muslim sahkhuo zui leh biehna awi ngen ahi uhhi. Lakshadweep Tuikuolgamte anêu alien sim in 30,000(tûlsawm) tuom om ahi. Amite pên mivom lam ahi uhhi.
Kamzah leh mising
A kamzah uh pên Malayalam toh kinâi mama ahi a, hizongleh amauhte hâm a tuom vilvel hi. Tam tuikuolgam teng a ami mising omza ahileh 60,000 tuom ahi.
Tuikuolgam zousie ah mite tênglou hi. Mite tênna tuikuolgamte ahileh; Minicoy, Kavaratti,Bangaram,Kalpeni,Aggati chite ahigiap hi.
Adangte pên ah mi tênglou hi.
Nêh leh tâhte
Nêh leh tâhte pên a gumthei mama hi. Atângpi in bu a ne uhhi. Sa leh nga chite zong a ne uhhi. Antelouhing(vegetables) pên vâng mama ahi. Tuikuolgam pên aleite chitui in a tap ahimanin antelouhing pieng theilou phiel ahi. Antete khu gampi(mainland) apat a hing kipolut let ahi. Tualâi(tuh) hun chiengin, hui leh guo hât mama ahiziehin, têmbawpi hing luttheilou zêl hi. Tua hun chiengin antelouhing a nêpha sih uh a, dâl,havâi,leh alu pou toh a luhing uhhi. Lakshadweep apat in M.P. khat India Kumpi Vâihawmna ah a tou hi.
Lakshadweep tuikuolgamte pên asândân tuipi toh kikim phiel ahimanin, gamsa gam hi. Tuikuolgamte nêuthei mama ahiziehin kêng a, i pei leh zong a monglam kitung paingâl ahi. Mawtaw thum leh li bang a um hi. Cycle a kihazah pên hi.
Tuidawn siengthou vâng mama hi. Kisilna tuite khu chi al tam sêngsêng in i kisil leh zong i sam ham phêphaw(vaket) hi. Leikuoh mun khatteng ah tuisieng a toudoh zêl uh hi. Tuachi lou,tuinêh dîng om lou ahi. Zubi kung tampi a om a, mite’n tua khu kivâna a nei uh ahi. Âh,bawng leh kêlte a khawi uhhi.
Nimit 25 Jan hla ni in tuipi gei ah ka va kawikawi uh a, ka va kizapta uh hi.
Nimit 26 Jan ni in Republic Day Parade zang dîngin Public Parade Ground ah ka va tel uh hi. Nitâh in Administratorpa Rajiv Talwar Bunglow ah Tea Party ka va mangta uhhi.

Aggati ka zotna uh
Nimit 27 Jan ni in Aggati zuon dîng Kavaratti nuasie in Helicopter ah ka lêngta hi.

Bangram tuikuolgam tourist munpi ka hawna uh
Aggati tuikuolgam apat in Bangram tuikuolgam haw dîng in kuong(boat) ah tou in ka pei uh hi. Bangrram tuikulgam ah coralte(tuikeppâh) atam mama hi.
Tuikeppâhte khu tuipi nuoi sung ah apou uh hi.Pâpete ahilouleh loupate pou bangin a pou uhhi. Tuipi sungah ka kûllut suh a, ka et chiengin khumte a zêm(dong) tuomtuom a om hi; asan, nâingêh(ankampa),a kâng kilkel chite ka mu hi. Tuipi kinîl dungzuiin amate zong loudawng sâute hui in a sêm chieng a a kinîl bang un a kinîl dieldiel uh hi. Tamte sungah ngate a busa uh hi. Tuikeppâhte a shi chiengun suong a suoh u’a tuipi sungah muol a vumsah uh hi. Lakshadweep tuikuolgamteng hichi banga tuikeppâhte in a piensah ahi. Tuazieh a , Lakshadweep gam pên Tuikeppâh Tuikuolgamte(Coral Islands)zong kichi ahi. Tuipi sieng singseng sungah ka kizapzap mai uh hi. Ka kisilzou un motel nêute ah ann ka nê uh hi.

Cochin ka zotkiana uh
Sunzou in, Aggati nuasie in vanlêng ah ka tou u’a,tuachiin Cochin ka zuonkiata uh hi. Vânlêng apat a tuipi ka et suh chiengin tuikuolgamte ahing nêu deudêu a, ahing sân bep in, tua tuikuolgamte pên khitang kithêzâh bangin tuipi tungah a lâm ka mu suh hi.
Hun khat zou in ka ensuh kia leh bangma ka mu nawn sih a ,tuipi dum dide maimai ka mu giap hi. Nai khat leh a kim ka khuchi lênzou un Cochin vânlêngsai ka tu uh a, Cochin khopi a om; Hotel Sun International ah ka zin tungta uh hi.

Chennai ka zotna uh
Nimit 28 Jan hla ni in Madras(Chennai) zuon in Cochin ka nuasieta uh hi.Perambur meilêngsai apat in Andaman House ah ka vâitung uh hi.

Chennai khopi ka tunna uh
Misiengthou Thomas(St.Thomas) Muol ka etna uh
Nimit 29 Jan ni in Chennai khopi ka vê uh hi. Amasapên in St.Thomas Muol ah ka va hawta uh hi.Tua mun khu mun sâng sim ahi. Khunah, Bieh-inn khat a um a, St.Thomas Church akichi hi.Tam mun a, Mângpa Jesu nuazui St.Thomas kithat ahi chi in a kigiel hi. Tua bieh-inn sung ah ka lut a,thungetna ka nei hi. A mâitâm lang ka va nâi a, khumi mun ah misiengthou Thomas relic(gu nêu khat) sumsan singlâmte sung a kikoi ka va mu hi.
Khumi mun pan a Chennai khopi ka et suh chiengin innte vâupa bang in apâ phitphet hi. Limte ka la uh a kahing kilekiata uh hi.

Nimit 30 Jan ni in tuipi gei kung a kilam MGR hlânmuol memorial enkhe dîng ka kuon uh hi. Marina Sea Beach(Marina tuipi gei) ah ka vâh kuolkuol kawi uh hi.
Chennai khu gamsa gam ahi. A sâlevot 32°C tunglam ngen ahi. A mite pên Tamilte ahi uh hi. Mivom mama lam ahi uh hi.

Hindute Bieh-inn liente leh Pu.Rajiv Gandhi theizingna suongkhuomte ka etna uh
31 Jan hla ni in Chennai apat in tourist bus ka man u’a VGP, Mahabali temple, Kanchipuram temple te ka va enta uh hi.Kanchipuram temple pen India sunga dînga Hindu temple minthang khat ahi. Ataw apatin a tung a zumtou a, Pyramid lim a bang hi. Tua temple bângte ah a biehte uh lim akikhêng hi. Adieh in,Ram,Sita,Hanuman leh adangdangte a tuongsah uh hi. Lim kikhêngte ka et chiengin a limkhên siemdân(art) uh a kilang hi. Ka hing kile a lang un,1991 kum May 21 ni a Rajiv Gandhi kithâna mun Sriperumbudur ah ama theizingna suongkhuom kiphutte ka va en uh a, a thupi mama hi. A khuom khat pên feet 30 a sâng ahi. Tuami mun lâikimtah ah ama lim koina bûh khat a om hi. Anitâh in Chennai ah ka hing kilêkiata uh hi.

Andamana tuikuolgam zuon a ka peina uh
Ni 1 ni Feb hla 1996 zînglam nai 10 tuom in Chennai apatin in Andaman tuikuolgamte zuon dîng un têmbawpi ah ka hing tuong u’a ka hingpeita uh hi. 2nd Feb1996 Bay of Bengal tuipi tungah ka mang uh hi. 3rdFeb1996 tuani zong Bay of Bengal tuipi tung ah ka mang uh hi. 4 Feb zîngmawng nai 8.30 am in Hado Port Blair ah ka tung uh hi.
Ka senior officerte in ei na lamdot uh hi. Andaman Teal Guest House ah ka vâitung uh hi. Port Blair pên Andaman tuikuolgamte khopi ahi.

Gammite leh midangte mising
Ami omza lakh 3 vêl ahi. Bengali, Tamilian, Oriya, Malayalee te a tam pên uh hi.
Andaman tuikuolgam pên gamsa gam ahi. A sâlevot digiri 30 tunglam ngen ahi. Gam vot hun omlou ahi. Guozuhna mun ahi.
Singtâng mite ahileh Sentinelese,Shompen,Andamanese, Jarawas,Onges,NIcobarese chite ahi uh hi. Shompênte leh Nicobaresete pên Mongoloid mêl ahi uh hi.
Adangte pên Negroid nam ahi uh hi. Tamte lah ah Nicobaresete akhangtou pên uh hi.

Jolly Buoy tourist mun ka hawna uh
5 Feb ni in Sippighat AgricultureFarm ah singnou ,antelouhing kichîngte ka va enkheta uh hi.Khumna apat in Jolly Buoy tuipi gei zuon in ka pei uh hi.Jetty apat in special kuong khat ah ka tuong uh hi. Ka peina uh tuitung khu muol’leh muol kikâl abang a a ka ziet ka vei uh ah singmângte apou uh hi.
Minit 45 jou in JollyBuoy ka tungta uh hi. Kuongnêute ah ka kumsuh uh a tua tuipigei ka zuon uh hi. Tua tuipigei pên nuom mama ahi a gêndân dîng a um sih hi. Tuite sieng kilkel, vâm singseng, luitui luong bang dân khat zong a om hi. Tua tuipigei ah sawtpi khat ka kisil uh a ka kizâp uh hi. Tua tuipigei ah bibûh tampi a kilam a satin bangin a kitung uh hi. Tuipi langkhat lam apat a ka et chiengin a dum dide a atawpna a kimupha sih hi.I et leh i mit dam hieihiei mawh hi. Huisi lâng in i tahsa ahing sêm chiengin nop mama hi. Lim tampi ka kila hi. Nai 1 gin in ka hing kilêkia u’a nai 3.30 in Andaman Teal Guest House ka tung uh hi.

Port Blair Dockyard,Ross tuikuolgam leh mun dangdangte ka vena uh
Ni 6 ni Feb hla1996 ni in Port Blair Dockyard lah ah ka kitawl kawikawi uh a Navyte tembawte leh mun tuomtuomte ka nkuol uh hi.
Khumjou in, Ross Island enkhe dîngin ka va lutta uh hi. Tua Ross tuikuolgam pên 1930,1940 kum hunlâi a British(Mângkângte) kumpi in Hqtr a ana man mun ahi.Khumlâi a, a innte uh, a ki-apmaina munte uh,akisilna uh mun,a bieh-inn uh, a hânmuol uh, a vankoina munte uh dâi dide in tulpân a kâi siengta hi.
Tua mun ka enkhiet a ka lungsim ahing khoi silthum a om hi. Tuateng ahileh, Mângkângte kisilnamun(swimming pool), lâmna mun(ballroom), leh Bieh-inn (Church). A kisilnamun uh adung avâi feet 15 leh feet 40 pha hi. Athûhdân feet 10 in a thûh hi. Alâmnamun uh club hall bang in a kilam hi.Azawl lam uh ahi. Abieh-inn uh pên aletdân alâi lah ahi a , tam in a etsah ahileh tuahunlâi in tam tuikulgam ah mitampi a na omlou hidîng a gintâthuoi ahi. Tami bieh-inn pên amâilam akitoukhaw a adawn ah singlâmte lim a kiphut hi. Mawngsingte in, a poukhumta a a bângte leh a mâilamte singbate leh singhuite in adêpsuhta a, a kântawmta a,a poukhumsiengta a, sawtlou a chîmkhê dîng dân in a omta hi. Tamte ka mu chiengin, khumhunlâi a a lim ding dân uh leh a nopsah ding dânte uh ka lungsim ah ahing kilang hi. Laisiengthou in a gên bangin leisiet khu a thupina toh bei dîng ahi chite tam mun a tung ahimai hi chite ka hing theikhie hi. Lim tampi ka kila uh hi. Khuna apat in kuongpi ah kitawl in harbour cruise ka pei kuolkuol uh hi. Harbour munchin teng ah ka vâh kawikawi uh hi.

Chaltham Saw Mill; Asia gamphêng a sawmill lienpen ka etna uh leh Chiddiyatappu tuipigei ka hawna uh
Tuazou in,Asia gam sunga Saw Mill lienpên Chaltham Saw Mill ka va enta uh hi.Ni asa mama hi.Ann nêhzou in Chiddiyatappu ka zuon uh hi.Port Blair apat in km 28 tuom ahi. Chiddiyatappu khu tuipigei ahia anop mama hi. Radhanagar tuipigei ah ka va khawlta uh hi. Tuami mun ah tombuh 6,7 vêl a om hi. Tuanah gamdangmite(foreignerte) abusa uh a agieh uh hi.Limte ka kila kuolkuol a , nitumkuon in zong ka kila hi. nai 6.30 Pm in kahing kilêkiata uh hi. Tuami ni nitâh in Seawaves,Corbyn’s Cove ah ka senior officerte’n dinner party ahing meipieh uh hi. Anop mama hi.

Havelock tuikuolgam a ka va giena uh
NI 8 ni Feb hla1996 ni in Special kuong man ka liason officerpa uh Raju Thomas toh Havelock tuikuolgam nai 7.00 tuom in ka zuon uh hi.nai 1.00 tuom in Havelock tuikuolgam ka tung uh hi. Dolphin Yatri niwas ah ka zingtung uh hi. Ni 9 Feb hla in Havelock tuipigei ah ka kisilta uh hi.Tuikep leh tuikeppâhte ka khawm uh hi.

Port Blair ka zotkiana uh leh Port Blair swimming pool a ka hawna
Nai 2.30 pm in Jetty ka zuon uh a port Blair zuon in ka hingpei kiata uh hi.
Nai 7.00 zân in Port Blair ka hing tungta uh hi. Ni 10 Feb nai 7.00am in Rajkumar toh Port Blair Swimming pool ah ka va kizâpta uh hi.

Cellular Jail ka vena leh Corbyn’s Cove a ka va kisilna uh
Sûnlâi in senoir officerte kimupi dîng in Secretariat ah ka va vâhta uh hi. Tuajou in, Cellular Jail ka va ve uh hi. Ni 12 Feb hla ni in Sudakar toh Corbyn’s Cove beach ah ka va ta u’a ka va kisilta uh hi. Suong tung lah ah nga sui in suong sung khat ka sawh leh,jelly fish in ei pet a,a na mama hi. Ka guolpa Sudakar in hospital ah ei na zawpi a,injection khat ei kikâp hi.

Lt.Governor toh ka kimutuona uh
Sûn ann nêhzou in Liason Officerpa toh LG kimupi dîng in ka va hawta uh a
ka kihoulim uh a,lim ka kila uh hi.

Kolkatta khopi ka etna
Ni 13 Feb hla ni in Port Blair airport ka zuon uh a , 1.30p.m.in Kolkatta zuon in ka lêngta uh hi. Naikâl ni zou in Kolkatta airport ah ka tu uh hi. Manipur Bhawan room no 615 ah Sudakar toh ka tung uh hi. Ni 14 Feb hla ni in Sudakar a peita hi. Kei pên ka om den a, Calcutta( Kolkatta) khopi en dîngin ka vâh kawikawi hi. Kolkata Metro rail ah ka va tuong hi. Metro train pên leinei a tâi ahi. Ka lut kuon in ticket khat ka lei a, tua pên lutna ticket ahia, lut chienga a thunna munkhat a, i thun leh kotlutna ahing kihong in tuachiin a sai ah ka lutthei hi. Metro train pên leinei a tâi ahia, i lutkuon chiengin meilêng kot ama leh ama ahing kihong hi. Minit khat tuom sung hun a kilutpai dîng ahi. Atâi sua mama a a nuom mama hi. Victoria Memorial Hall,Alipur Zoo,Park street, Chandni Chowk,Super bazar leh Calcutta(Kolkatta) Book Fair ka va enta hi. Ni 15 Feb hla in Alipur Zoo, howrahBridge,etc...ka va enta hi.
New Delhi ka zotna
Ni 16 Feb hla zîngmawng nai 7.00 gin in Howrah Rlwy station ah Poorva Exp. ah kahing tuong a Delhi lam ka hing zuonta hi. Ni 17 Feb hla zîngmawng nai 8.30 in Delhi ka tung hi. Tuachiin ka All India Tour uh a beita hi.