Léisièt leh Léisièt phêngté

Léisièt leh Léisièt phêngté(Earth and Earth’s plate)

Léisièt ahileh a mùnmùn a phalke!h, a phêngphêng a kiphalsuò ahi. Sumkuong pháw banga a phêngphêng a phalke!h a kikhenkhiè ahi. Léisièt ahileh atúnga patin a néi tàndóng in adàndàn in(layer upon layer) a kikhenkhiè a, dàn 5(nga) tahin a kikhenthèi hi. A dàn thûhpên khu Core ‘lâilung’ a kichi a, abànah Outer Core ‘lâilungpú’, khumí bànah Mantle ‘léituòmna’ ahia, tamí túng lién ah Athenosphere ‘túinêm dàn (semi-liquid layer)’ a óm a, tuámi túngah Léisièt phêngté ‘Tectonic plates’ a kingà(rest) a, a lâm(float) úh hi. Athenosphere túngah Lithosphere leh Atmosphere a óm úh hi.

Léitàng phêng túngta pênpên Lithosphere ahi. Lithosphere pên Suóngtùmpí chìna ahi. Lithosphere in ahuòp ahileh Upper mantle dàn phabèp khàt leh Crust ahi. Tamí bànah Hydrosphere-Ocean ‘Túikângpí’ ahi.

Continental Drift

Nidánglâi in, ‘Theory of Continental Drift’ kichi khàt Pu Anotonio Snider leh Pu F.B Taylor in na gén masapên úh hi. Tám Theory in a na hìl ahileh; Léisièt gamkài phêngté pên atùm vilvel in a na óm a, na kipià malmal lòu úh ahi achì hi. Léisièt phêngté kitàttuòdàn, kihèidàn, kikâhtuòdàn leh léisièt phêngté chi tuomtuomté khu Pu Alfred Wegener German mipil khàt in na hilchièn(explain) masapên hi. Amà’n a getdàn in Pangea kichi khàt léisièt gamkài gólpí khàt na óm hi. Tuámi pên Panthalsa túikângpí liénpí khàt na kuólkìp hi, a chi hi.

Pangea léitàng tùm pen Carboniferous hunlai in a na kéhkhè u’a, a phêngphêng in a na kiphalsuò úh hi.

Tuáchì’n khúm léitàng(Pangea) pên a na kéhkhè a, khàtkhàt in a na kikhenkhiè u’a, áwl áwl in, a na kikâh dèudèu u’a, na kigamlá dèudèutà úh hi, chì’n na hìl hi. Gravitational force zièhin sahlám ah a khínkhiè u’a, hlapí hù leh nisa hù (tidal and sun gravitation force) zièhin tùm lámah a kikhínkhiè u’a, na kite!nkhè úh hi. Tuáchì’n Urop leh South Africa gamkài phêng patsà in America, Asia, Australia gamkài phêngté a na piengkhiè ahi, chì’n na kige!n mìnthang úh hi.

Pu Jeffreys in tami theory pen a pòm hâsa leh têchi dihtahte a oplòu zièhin mipil Pu Jeffreys in hlapi leh nipi hù vàngin léitàng phêngté kikhenkhe zou sih vá chì’n na niélkàl hi. Tuáleh, léitúng a tâng leh muolté, zìnlíngté, muolpawhté leh silpieng dángdángté khu a hilchiènthèi sih hi, a chi hi.

Ahivàngin, Continental Drift theory zièhin mipil támpíté’n Léisièt phêngté, gamkài phêngté, bangchida%n a na piengkhiè ahi uòi? chìpên na ge!n leh na hìl masapên khàt ahi zièhin, léisièt pìlna lám sûité díngin suóngphà thupí pên khàt á’ng suohtà hi. Tuáchì’n, hún híng péi ze!l in, túnia kipom leh kisim; Plate Tectonics Theory híng piengdoh ahi. Continental Drift Theory pànsià in, khúm túngah díngin theory thâ khàt; ‘Plate Tectonics Theory’ kichi léisièt phêngté kinìltuò leh kikêhtuò, kikhínkhiétdànté chièn dèu in a kigénthèi hi.

Plate Tectonics Theory dungzuiin léisièt pen pheng(plate) lienpipi pheng 7(sagì) a kikêhkhèn leh kiphalsuò ahi. Khumi léisièt phêngté pên anéia léisièt na!l Athenosphere ‘túinêm(semi-liquid) dàn’ kichi túngah kingam u’a, a lâm úh hi. Léisièt phêng gólté khu Tectonic plates zòng a kichì hi.

Khúm léisièt phêng gólté ahileh chi 6(guh) a phá hi;

1. Pacific Plate

2. Eurasian Plate

3. African Plate

4. Indian-Australian Plate

5. Antartica Plate.

6. North American Plate

7. South American Plate

Tectonic Plates of the world

Léisièt phêng ne!uzàw 7(sagì) a óm hi. Tuáté ahileh;

i. Arabian plate

ii. Nazca plate

iii. Juan de Fuco-plate

iv. Carribean plate

v. Phillipine plate

vi. Cocos plate

vii. Scotia plate

Léisièt phêngté bangchi tàwn let úh ahi uòi?

Léisièt túng lím leh mêl guóng khu léisièt phêngté kùmzalom támpi sungteng a kitahtuò leh kikhíntuò zièh úh ahi. Tám léisièt phêngté pên sumkuong pháw tobangin a kitemtuò ahia, a kiphánkhàwm toh kibangin a óm hi. Khuchiin a kitahtuò zél u’a, a kikhíntuò let úh hi. Tám léisièt phêngté pên anuói lám a léisièt dànté (layers) toh a kitèkâh leh pên tuáté sánga zángzàw ahimanin, tuà léisièt phêngté pên khumi léisièt dàn túngah a lâm(float) hi. Leisiet phêngté leh phalté(rocks of lithosphere) kita%tuòna, kikhènkhiétna, kisuh tuòna, kikhi%nkhiétna leh kikâhna lim leh guóngté ge%nchiènna thusim khu Plate Tectonics a kichi hi. Tám léisièt phêngté pen hun chin in a piàpià(ta%ngta%ng) u’a kini!lni!l tuò ze!l u’a, tám leisièt phêng leh phêng kikâlah léisièt phêngté kikhènna leh kigàwmtuòna gamgíté(tectonic plate boundaries) a óm hi. Léisièt lâilung sung pên sùn leh zàn a, khawl ngái vàwt lòu a, pià zing ahi. Léisièt lâilung sàt zièhin Léisièt phêngté a piàpià ngìtngêt úh hi. Léisièt lâilung sa màmà khu léisièt vòt dàwm mùn atúng lámah a kiníltóu let a, khuchiin léisièt phêngté áwlnóunóu in a pià(tang) u’a gèntèna in, kùm khàt sungin inchi 2(ni) bang a táwn let hi. Léisièt saté atúng lámah á’ng kâitòu a, léisièt vòtdèuté pên a tumsuh a, anéi langah a kithòlsuh a, a kigòltum zél hi. Léisièt vòtdèuté a tùmsuh zàw chiéngun á’ng sakiá in, atúng lámah á’ng lâmtòukiá úh hi.

I. Kikhènna gamgí pen Diverging boundary a kichi hi.

II. Kigàwmtuòna gamgí khu Converging boundary a kichi hi.

Tám bang gamgíté ah leisièt phêngté a kini!lni!l tuo zing u’a, kikhènna leh kigàwmtuòna silté(tectonic activities) a túng(occur) ze!l hi.

Kikhènna gamgí(Diverging boundary)

Léisièt phêngté kikhèn zièhin túipí nuóiah muol leh tângté a pieng a, léitúng ah Rift valley(gamku!hsuh/gamkesuh) a pieng hi. Tám bang gamgí Léitúng a lu%ipí sa!upên Izipt gam a Nile lu%ipí, Red Sea, Israel gam a Dead Sea, Jordan gam a lu%ipí khuh Gamkesuh(Rift valley) túnga vei leh luong ahi. Muolpawhté(volcanoes) zòng tám léisièt phêngté kikhènna mùn ah a pieng támpên hi. Tám kikhènna gamgí mùn a léisièt phêngté á’ng kikhèn a, á’ng kikâhtuò chiéngun a kigamlá dèudèu u’a, a kikâhtuòna mùn ah Spreading/constructive boundary a pieng hi. Léisièt lâilung pàtsa híng kipàn ahimanin, a sa màmà a, apá ahi zièhin, atúng lámah á’ng lâmtòu a, léitàng kikâhtuòna mùn ah á’ng kikhólkháwm a, khuchiin, Léisièt pú thâ(new earth’s crust) a piengkhe let hi. Tám léisièt pú thâ in léisièt phêngté a sáwn a, a kigamlasah dèudèu hi. Tám bang siltúng pên Ridge Push ‘Geisáwn’ a kichi hi. Zìllíng/Zìnlíng ne!uté támnah a túng let hi.

Kigàwmtuòna gamgí(Converging boundary)

Tám kikhènna gamgí mùnté ah léisièt phêngté a kitahtuò, a kisutuò u’a, a kini!ltuò ze!l úh hi. A zóulà pênpá khu a nuói lámah a tumsuh(lu!tsuh) a, a zóuzaw pênpá khuh a túng lámah a dáwhtòu(kikhàwtòu) hi. Tuámi lu!tsuhna(tumsuhna) mùn khu Subduction Zone kichi ahi. Léisièt phêng lûi pawlkhàtté khu anéia léisièt saté sánga gihzàw ahimanin, Subduction Zone a pàtin Mantle sungah tumsuh let úh hi. Tám bang khu Slab Pull ‘Phêng Kài’ kichi ahi.

(i) Túikângpí leh Túikângpí(oceanic-oceanic convergence) kisuhtuòna mùn ah léisièt phêng gihzàw pên khu Athenosphere túinêm(semi-solid) sungah tumsuh a, a sungah túihuòl sa màmà suoh in, khuchiin á’ng kini!lni!l tuo ze!l chiéngun a túng lámah muolpawh dungsa!u niéngkáwi bangin a kiguichièn hi. Tuá zièhin Ring of Fire ‘Méikuongpí kuòl’ a kichi hi. Pacific Ring of Fire kichi pên Pacific túikângpí kuòl a, Antartica pat a, péisuoh in, Chile, Argentina, Andes, Rockies, California Faultlines, Alaska, Aleutian túikuòlgamté, Kamchatka leh Sakhalin túikuòlgamté, Kurile túikuòlgam patsa’n Japan túikuòlgam tàwnphei in, Phillipine túikuòlgamté, Indonesia túikuòlgamté, Papua New Guinea, Solomon, Vanuata, Fiji, Tonga, Somoa, Cook, Tahiti túikuòlgamté leh Hawaii túikuòlgamté leh túikuòlgam tampíté tuòn in a Pacific túikângpí khàiniéng bangìn a káwi kuòlkhúm hi.

Zàlah a, 90 zìnlíngté pên tám Pacific Ring of Fire mùn patsa híng pieng ngen ahi. Japan túikuòlgamté khu Eurosian plate nuóia lám peh a, Pacific plate pên a tumsuh zièhin ahíng piengkhiè hi. léisièt phêng gihzàw pên thakhàt a á’ng tùmsuh chiéngin zìnlíng híng pieng hi. Túikângpí nuói sunga híng pieng ahileh, Tsunami ‘túihuòltâi’ híng pieng ahi. Zokam in, Tsunami pen Túipi Zìnlíng chithei ahi.

(ii) Túikângpí leh Gamkàiphêng(oceani-continent convergence) á’ng kisuhtuò a, á’ng kide%ntuò chiéngun túikâng phêng(oceanic plate) gihzàw pên a tumsuh a, léisièt gamkài geiteng a suóngphêngté a kinì%lkáwitòu u’a, khuchí’n Andes leh Rockies tângsângté na piengdoh hi. Tám bang mùnté ah zòng muolpawh leh thûhtahtah a híng kipàn zìnlíngté á’ng piengkhiè hi.

(iii) Gamkàiphêng leh Gamkàiphêng(continent-continent convergence) a kita%tuò chiéngùn léisièt phêngté za!ng chipên a gihzàw sa%m óm khollòu ahi zièhin a tumsuhta sih a, tám mùn ah muolpawh chite a pieng khol sih hi. Gamkàiphêng leh Gamkàiphêng á’ng kisuhtuò chiéngùn Convergence Zone ‘kisuhtuòna mùn’ á’ng pieng hi. Tuáchi’n, Indian plate khu Eurasian plate néiah a tumsuh(lu!tsuh) a, tuá phêng(plate) nité á’ng kithuòp chiéngin Tibetan Plateau ‘Tibet gamsâng’ híng piengkhiè ahi. Tuá màbangin, Himalaya tâng sângté na piengkhiè hi. Tám mùnté ah zìnlíng huoisié támpí a túng let hi. African plate leh Eurasian plate na kide%ntuò zièhun Urop gam a Swiss Alps, Atlas tângté, Carparthian tângté, Pyrenees chiteng na piengkhiè ahi. Himalaya tângté pièndàn hichi ahi. Nidánglâiin, Angaraland phêng leh Gondwanaland phêng kikâl ah Tethys Sea ‘Tâithas Túipí’ kichi a na óm hi. Angaraland phêng leh Gondwanaland phêng a na kiníltuò u’a, na kidêngtuò úh hi. Tuáchì’n amàni na kisàikâh zièhin Tâithas Túipí néia kizam léisièt phêngpí á’ng dáwhtòu chiéngin muol leh tâng sângté na suoh úh hi. Lùipí lùitáté’n khumi muol leh tângté a na sumâm u’a, a na súisúi u’a, a na siemsiem u’a, kùmzalòm támpí zàw in túnia muol leh tângté, zânggam, kuòmthûh, haw leh kèn suohthèi hi.

Transform faults

Léisièt phêngté á’ng kihièttuò chiéngun khàtzàw sàngsàng a kesuh a, khàt pên a sângtòu hi. Tám banga a kihièt a kigàwttuò chiéngun Fault (Faultline) kichi a pieng let hi. North America tùmlám túikângpí geiah San Andreas Fault a óm hi. Kum 1906 in zìllíng huoise mama khàt na túng hi.

Zìllíng[Zìnlíng] bang è?

Léisièt phêngté(tectonic plates) á’ng kisuhtuò chiéngun guómthûhpí(fault, faultline) a pieng a, tám guómthûhpí gamgí ahíng pièn na mùn kikâlah amàté á’ng kigawttuò u’a, á’ng kihièttuò, á’ng kitàttuò zél u’a, híng kisáwntuò zél úh hi. Thakhàt a phêngpí khàt a kiéhsuh amà, ahisihleh a kinàwttuò chiéngun focus pàtsà’n thá/thahàtna(energy) á’ng pusuohdoh a, á’ng kithèzâh zél hi. Khúm hún chiéngin zìllíng hi.

Léisièt phêngté á’ng kisuhtuò a, á’ng kidèntuò á’ng kitàtuò chiéngun a hátmàw zaw pá khu Subdcution Zone ‘Guómthúh kuò’ sungah a tumsuh a, a hátzawpá khu a túng lámah a kikhàwtòu hi. Tachì a, á’ng kitàtuò chiéngun thahàtna(energy) némpí a á’ng pusuoh(páwt) a, a kihlà a, a kithèzâh let hi. Tám bang dìnmùn a Léisièt phêngté á’ng op chiéngun léisièt phêngté á’ng kithìn valuòi a, á’ng kihàw chiéngun Zìllíng chiin a kithèi hi.

Léisièt phêngté á’ng kihièttuò chiéngun khàtzàw sàngsàng a kesuh a, khàt pên a sângtòu hi. Tám banga a kihièt a á’ng kigàwttuò chiéngun zìl a ling a, zìllíng chiin a kithèi hi. Léitàng guómkuohpí Fault (Faultline) kichi a pieng let hi.

Léisièt thûh sunga óm zìllíng híng kipàt na mùn khu Focus kichi ahi. Khúm Focus túng lien(chet) a óm mùn(point) khu Epicenter kichi ahi. Léisièt túngah nisimsiel in, zìllíng néunéu támpí a pieng let hi, hina’nleh, a kithìn a kihàw lám a kithèipha sih hi. Focus mùn pàtsà’n thahàtna khu mùn tuomtuom lámah a kithèzâh let hi.

Zìllíng héi sungsungah a pieng let è?

Léisièt phêngté kisuhtuò kinàwttuò na mùn leh Léisièt phêngté gamgí zûl lahah zìllíng a pieng let hi. Tám gamgí zûlté mùn ah Léitàng guómkuohpí ‘Faults’ kichité a tám hi.

Khúm gamgí zûlté khu Kikhènna gamgí(Diverging boundary) leh Kigàwmtuòna gamgí(Converging boundary) ahihi. Tám gamgí zûlté mùn ah Léitàng guómkuoh ‘Faults’ kichité a tám hi. Léisièt phêngté kikâl leh a lâi lah vél ah zòng léitàng guómkuoh a óm a, khúm mùnté ah zòng zìllíng a pieng let hi.

Mississipi lùipí dunga zìllíng(1911-12 A.D) na túng khuh North America Plate lâikimtaha Léitàng guómkuoh(fault) liènpí khàt New Madrid Fault kichi khu a na kipià leh na kigàwttuò zièh ahi, chiin na kithèi hi.

Léitàng á’ng kihàw a, á’ng kithìn chiéngin Seismic waves kichi hùté pên mùn chinah a kithèzâh hi. Túilipí túnga suóngpém khàt a kisèlút chiénga túihuòl a kuòlkuòl(bémbém) a, a tâi bangin khúm zìl kilíng hùté(seismic waves) a tâizâh úh hi. Léitúng zìllíng a kithèi khu tám Seismic wavete ahi. Seismic wavete chini a óm hi; P-wave leh S-wave ahi. P-wave zìnlíng hù pên tangtah a tâi ahimanin, huoise se%ng lòu ahia, S-wave zìnlíng hù pên kisuhthìn-kitòuthìn leh kilúmlèt ahizièhin a huoise màmà hi. Zìl kilìn chiéngin P-wave amuònmuòn á’ng tâi masa a, tuàzóuin S-wave huoisetahin á’ng kithing hi.

Zìllíng in lámpíté, lèité, ínnté a suse thèi hi. Mínchìmté(landslide), muoltáwn(hillslide) leh buonluong(mudslide) a túngsahthèi hi.

Túikângpí nuóia zìllíng a op leh, Tsunami ‘túihuòltâi’ a kichi hi. Zokam in, Tsunami khu Túipi Zìnlíng chithèi ahi. Túkùm 2011, March hla ni 11 nia Japan túikuòlgam suòlám gam a zìllíng khu Túikângpí nuóia pàtsa híng kipàn leh híng pièng ahi. Japan túikuòlgam pên Ring of Fire gamgí zûl a óm ahimanin léisièt phêngté; Pacific Plate leh Eurasian Plate ahíng kidèntuò, ahíng kitàtuò zièh u’a khúm bang Tsunami huoisetah híng pieng ahi. Richter scale kichi pên zìllíng huoisiét leh huoisiét màwdàn kitèna scale ahi. Ahuoise màw pên nambat 1(khàt) ahia, a huoise màmà pên ahileh nambat 10(sàwm) ahi. 2011, March hla a na túng zìllíng khu Richter Scale a kitè chiéngin nambat 9(kuo) tàn hi chiin a kikhúmlút hi

Léisiet túnga Zìnlíng huoiseté

Léisiet túnga Zìnlíng leh Tsunami na piengteng

Túni tàn a, léisièt túnga zìnlíng(zillíng) leh zìnlíng toh kisai/kizúi Tsunami ‘Túihuòltâi’ piengteng zièha mihing 10,000(tu%lsàwm) sa!nga támzàw mihing si a kùm leh nité, a hàtdàn(Richter Scale) tám anéi bàng ahi.

Ani(Date)	Amùn(Location)	Mihing sizà	Richter Scale	Thusimté
01138-10-11Oct 11, 1138	Aleppo, Syria	230,000	Unknown	Kumzalom 15 laia, Ibn Taghribirdi in a na giel hi.
00525-05-21 May 21, 1525	Antioch, Turkey	250,000	8.0 (est.)	John of Ephesus in a na giel
01556-01-23Jan,23, 1556	Shaanxi, China	820,000(est)	8.0 (est.)
Oct11, 1737	Calcutta, India	3, 00,000
01920-12-16Dec 16, 1920	Ningxia–Gansu, China	235,502	7.8	Mínchìm, Gam kesuh
01923-09-01Sept1, 1923	Kantō region, Japan	142,000	7.9
Nov 1, 1755	Lisbon, Portugal	80, 000	8.7-9.0
Aug 27, 1883	Krakatau, Indonesia	36, 000
Sept 30, 1498	Enshunada Sea, Japan	31,000
Dec, 31, 1703	Edo, Japan	108,800+
Oct 28, 1707	Nankaidso, Japan	30,000
01908-12-28Dec 28, 1908	Messina, Italy	123,000	7.1
01948-10-06Oct 6, 1948	Ashgabat, Turkmenistan	110,000	7.3
Dec 26, 2004	Sumatra, Indonesia	300,000+	9.3	Tsunami túihuòlpí zièhin India gam Tamilnadu, Andamans, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand túipipang ah mi támpí na si hi.
02010-01-12Jan12, 2010	Haiti	222.570	7.0
March11, 2011	Sendai, Japan	2,00,000 vâl ínn leh lóu nèilòu a, tavài a óm Túni tan a sizà 10,000+	8.9-9.0	*Garité túikângpí túngah saban bawm bangin a lâm hi. * Te!mbáw mihing zakhàt toh túikângpí in tàwmáng. * Méilêng khàt mi támpí toh mâng * Phone line teng sesieng * Méilêngté khawl sieng * Tokyo Nuclear Reactor kikhá, mihingté kitáwl máng * Fuku.

KHUPCING AND NGAMBAWM

Once there were two woman who were great friends and they loved each other very much. One day they made an agreement that if one gives birth to a male baby and other give birth to a female baby they would marry them to each other .Later in the use two pregnant women gave birth to a female and the other woman gave birth to a male baby.The male baby was named Ngambawm and the female baby was named Khupching. Khupching belongs to a royal family whereas Ngambawm belong to a poor family.
So their social disparities created a social barrier. Khupching’s parents retracted from their agreement to marry these two people.So they tried to seeparate them rightr from their babyhood. They used different cradles,but it was so amazing that the two babies join themselves in one cradle. Even in the field they thought that they had separated while ploughing the field they found the two babies join together in the evening in one cradle.As they grew up Khupching and Ngambawm loved each other very much. One day Ngambawm asked Khupching to marry him. But Khupching replied in songs:

(a) Ka tun va dongin,ka zuo va dong in khuokhâl tui bang hing la ve aw.[ask my mother ask my father fetch me like the dry season(autumn) waters.]

Ngambawm asked her parents.They refused/rejected him flatly.

Ngambawm sang this song:

(a) Na tun lah dong ing na zuo lah dong ing khuokhâl tui bang lâh nâilou e.

I had asked your mother and father, they flatly refused to marry you to me, but I can not fetch you like dry season(autumn) waters. On hearing her parents refused him,her love for Ngambawm increased day by day.
One day Ngambawm plucked a single hair of Khupching and he placed it under a stone which was near a waterfall of a stream.Khupching fell ill since then.Her mother decalred that if someone could cure her he will be her husand. When he heard this news ngambawm took back the hair from under the stone and put it back into Khupching’s head. Ngambawm cured her but her parents still refused him marriage to her. Ngambawm again took back and he put it under the stone nearby stream once again. She became ill bagain. Her parents again promised the same as before to one who could cure her. He took the hair and put it back into her head and she was cured. In this way he cured her many times.But her parents were adamanat not to mary her off to him. Ngambawm again hid her hair under a stone unfortunately this time her hair was lost in the running stream. So Khupching fell ill and died.



When the body was about to be buried her body swelled like a big balloon and the people could not extricate out of the house. The people were flabber-gasted and amazed about this phenomenon. No one could solve the problem. So they requested Ngambawm to come and help them out.
Ngambawm spoke to the corpse saying “Darling we are separated but this is the will of God, make your self small again and get out of the the door”. After that the corpse became small and was able to get out the door easily. Once again the corpse refused to get out of the entrance of the gate of the house by swelling big. again. Ngambawm said “Darling, make yourself small again one more and get out of the entrance gate of the house.” After that the corpse was easily taken out of the entrance gate.After Khupching was buried Ngambawm returned to his house filled with tears.

(a) Atui in hal e, têu a tui in hal ,hal jou nailou zawlching ngâi ing e.

(b) Atui suh inlu ong damdiel in luong e, Ching aw vâi bang na thâm na hie? [The waterfall was between us but it could not separate us I love Chingkhup more and more. The water flows gently but you died in this flowing water.]

One day Ngambawm planted a cockscomb flower on the tomb of Khupching. He saw a wild cat coming to pluck the flowers and he caught it by chance.When he asked the wild cat as to why it plucked the flowers every night it told him that it was sent by Khupching. He told the wild cat to pluck out the chicken’s feathers on its way to the Khupching’s village till he arrives there. Following the trail of plumes he finally arrived at the village where Khupching lives. On seeing her his joy knew no bounds. He and Khupching lived together in the house. One day the villagers went for fishing expedition She sent him also to join the villagers and she gave him the bamboo basket for collecting fishes.

One day Khupching said to Ngambawm, “ Please go back to your village,as soon as you reach your home kill one pig and eat its meat. After that hang a spear above your bed, and let free all the chicken from their roosts. Then, lie down on your bed facing the roof of your house whre you hanged the spear”. As advised by her he returned to his village soon and he did whatever things to be done as told by Khupching.As he lay on his bed the spear accidentally fell on his chest and he was killed instantly. After his death his spirit went the village of Khupching. He reached her house and they both met each other happily ever after.....

Source:Upto date History of Zo tribes by Rev. P.Khamdonang M.A

Internet-Khovél a Mipíthunèina

Mihingté khanlètna lámzàwtna kùmzalom 12,000 tuóm in, léitúng mùn tuomtuom ah a na kipàndoh hi. Kùmzalom némpí péiin, gam leh léi, muol leh tângté’n hàl in, kidàitha in, gamlapípí mùn ah mihing pawl tuomtuom in a na khosà ú’a, tuázièhin hàm tuom, tàwndàn tuom leh chìndàn dáng chiét na piengkhiè in, a na kinèi chièt úh hi. Tuáchi’n tám mihing pawlte á’ng kisuhtuó chiéngun gâl leh sá in a na kiman let u’a, kidòu chitahin, a na kidou let u’a, ahilòuleh summêtbàwlna lámah a na kivéituò u’a ahisihleh a na kidou zél ú’a, a na kipawl zél un na khosà let úh hi. Tuázièhin, mihingté hàmdàn, tàwndàn leh chìndàn mihing pawl dángdángah na kihál káwikáwi in, hàmdàn, tàwndàn leh chìndàn dáng na piengkhiè in, na khangtòutòu ze!l hi. Teknolozi khànletna toh kizúiin kikàwmtuòna(transport) leh kihòumàtnaté (communications) á’ng khanglièn a, khuchi’n kùmzalom támpí pèi nuá in, mihing pawlté khuh phung leh tângté kiváihàwmna apàtin námpí kiváihàwmna píching gam(state) hìng nèithèi un, a táwpna ah, 1945 A.D kùm in khove!l púmpí ki-úhna díngin United Nations Organization(UNO) á’ng phùtdoh u’a, á’ng nèità úh hi.

Námpí pànsià gam námpí(nation) gam kisiemté piènkhiètna kùm sáwt sèng na!i lòu ahidàn ahi chikhu tàngthù simté’n a thèi chiét díng úh hi. Benedict Anderson in a làibú ‘Imagined Communities’ sungah chièntahin a gièl hi. Amá’n a gènna ah, námpí gamté(nation states) pên làibusùtna teknolozi leh làibúté làilám khànletna gàsuong (product) ahi a, khúmté zièha híng piengkhiè ahibòu hi, a na chi hi.

1439 kùm in Pu Gutenberg in làibúsutna a na siemdoh a, tuá zàwin, Urop gamté ah na kipolút hi. Tám làibúsutna in, mipíté Khahlàwna(Renaissance) leh lungsim Khovâhna (Enlightenment) a na tùn a, tám gèlin, mipí làisìmthèina(mass literacy), mipí lungsim pìlna(informed public) leh námpí gam tuomtuomté a na piengkhesah hi. 1990 kùm vél in léitúng ah Internet á’ng kipolút a, 2000 kùm zàwin khovél mùnchìn ah, tú hún chiéngin muthèi leh zahthèi in á’ng ómtà hi.

1990 kùm a, internet zàngmí tawmnóu khàt apat in, tú chiéngin léitúng pùmpí a, Internet zàngmí thènzà(billion) a chingtá hi. Internet pên mihingté kihòumàtna, kithuzâhna, kipàwlkhàwmna, kimùtuòna, ki-èttuòna, sum kòina, summêtbàwlna, sièmzìlna, sièmsìnna, làisimna, pìlna, thèina leh sil lámdáng, sil thupí leh sil dángdángté ngàthèi leh mùthèina mùn ahi. Mihing sièmna pìlna zóusiè ngàna mùn ahia, Gâlngam theipêng sánga zòng nâhpítaha thupízàw ahi. Khuchi’n thèina, sièmna leh sil tuomtuomté pên kíntahin léisiét túngah á’ng kithèzâh thèi hi. Internet in léitúng mihingté á’ng kinàisah sémsémtà a, khuchi’n Khovél Pawlpi(planetary society) á’ng piengthèità hi. Facebook máimái ah sángtùl(million) 500 a vâltá hi. Twitter sungah sángtùl(million) 200 a vâltá hi.

1999 kùm in khovél ah mobile phone sángtùl 12 vél ahi. Túni chiéngin, a kisìmdàn in, thènzà(billion) 5 vâltá a kisim ahi. Kùm tám lòu sungin, khovél a mihing zóusiè’n internet kizop mobile phone á’ng nèi chièt díng uphuoi màmà hi. Internet in mihingté thèina pên á’ng kikhêl lámdángsahta màmà hi. Kùmzalom kipat toh kizúiin, éi léitúng míté pên khovél piènchìl apatin sìm in, túni’n khovél tàngthù poimaw màmà lámká thuòm lâiah éité i ding chiéttà úh hi. Tám internet tungtàwn a, siémna pìlna, etthèi-mùthèité in i lungsimté úh a kikhêlsah nâhta màmà a, thèina kikhèllámdànna (information revolution) zièhin ani ani in, a hlà hlà in, a kùm a kùm in, Léitúng pùmpí (Khovél) a kikhêl dèudèutà hi. Tám thèina kikhèllámdànna in politiks, sumlepâisàina (economy) leh tàwndàn pièndàn lámsangah bàngtàn suhkháhna(impact) á’ng tùn diéi, chipên a kithèichièn nái sih a, himàleh a hù in á’ng zàp pànpàntà hi.

WikiLeaks kichi zòng túhún chiénga, a na kipèipì thupuóhna(traditional journalism) dínga a digital lím leh mêl ahità hi. Túin Facebook ahileh Khovél ah gam liènté lah a, China leh India bàn ah athùmna in a pang hi.

1439 kùm a Pu Gutenberg in làibúsutna a na siemdoh zièha khahlàwna, lungsim khovâhna leh námpí gamté a na tùt bàngin, túnia internet sièmkhiétdoh zièh leh internet zoppì mobile phoneté khu zapí zahthèi dínga á’ng optàh zièhin, Khovél thèikhiétna(planetary consciousness) leh Khovél mipíthunèina á’ng puòh hi.

Tú khang ahileh Digital khang ahia, i hìnkhuo, i ngaituònaté úh, khovél hìnkhuo leh khovél lungtáng kuò in i khosa simtá úh hi. Internet in míté a kihâusahthèi a, a kinùisahthèi a, a kingâisahthèi a, a kigáwmsahthèi a, a kinúngsahthèi hi. Social networking sungah mihing khàt in lawm leh guolté nèiin, a sunga óm bàwlthèi, mùthèi, septhèi, zìlthèi, ngàthèi leh adángdángté zàngin a húnté úh a mang zél úh hi. Pawlkhàtté ahileh, léitúng mùn tuomtuom ah a zín lèlè u’a, a vâh káwikáwi úh hi. Internet ahileh khovél púmpí a, mipíté pànmùn lâhthèina khùtzah hòi màmà a suohtà hi. Mipí thèidínga kilawm léisièt(khovél) túnga siltúngté leh silpiengté gèntèna in, léitúng satna, hùikhuo kikhèlna, sum leh pâi lámsàina, hèlbawlna, nàt leh sàt, pùl tùn leh khovél susethèi, sukhathèi leh sildángté suhtúpna leh suhdamna kizàngthèi vànzah poimàwtah khu Internet ahi.

International Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN) in Board of Directors 2000 kùm in a na kitèlna u’ah, khovél pùmpí a ICANN sunga vote nèi khuleh internet nèiteng a kizáusah úh hi. Khuzièhin, Khovél a Mipíthunèina khuh Internet tungtàwnin a pièngtá hi.