Kamsuichienna Tângthu(History of Linguistics)

By Philip Thanglienmang M.A(Linguistics)

PULAHNA

Kam, Hâm(Language)
Mihing pawlte kihoutuona dinga kizang siemthu awginsahna(vocal symbol)thumal kizah chiengin Kam ahilouleh Hâm a’ng suoh hi. Mihing pawl khat sunga mimalham(idiolect) tuomtuomte a’ng kigawmkhawm khu Kam ahi(Hocket 1958: 322).
Zilthu hâmtengte khu Kam ahi. Tam bangin Kam ahisihleh Hâm pen mipil dangdangte’n zong amauh ngaidân chiet un Kam bang ahiei chi pen a gen chiet uhhi.

Kamsuichienna(Linguistics)
Science pilna, siemna leh a vanzahte zang a, mihing hâm leh pâu(kam) suikhietna khu Linguistics kichi ahi. Zokam in Kamsuichienna i chi ding hi.
Linguistics subject sungah ham suichienna chituomtuom a om a, kamham chizie dungzuiin linguistics chituomtuomte in ding chiet uhhi. Linguistics chituomtuomte ahileh; general linguistics ahilouleh theoretical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, comparative linguistics, historical linguistics leh applied linguistics ahihi. Tamte khat poupou pen ham(kam) khat suichienna in a kizangthei hi.
General linguistics thusimte a kuon in, historical leh comparative linguistics suichienthei ahi. Historical linguistics khanletdan suichienna dingin kam/ham masa thusimte chienthei a kul a, tualeh ham hing pieng nuakhiate theichien ngai ahi.

Kamsuichienna Tângthu(History of Linguistics)
Hâm pen mihingte hinkhuo dinga poimaw mama khat ahi. Nichin i hinkhuo manna u’ah, i zang u’a, i ham u’a, i nâh i tâh uh ma bangin i ngaisut u’a, sil leh ten bangin i tuot u’a, ham bang ahiei chi’n thuhtahin i ngaituo ngai sih uhhi. Ngaituo thuh ding sil in zong i na tuot lou mai thei uhhi. Ahivangin, kamsuisiemte(linguists) dingin ham kichi pen scientific tah a suichienthei sil lu khat ahi,chiin a pom uhhi.
India gam ah, kamsuichienna(linguistics) lamsang toh kisai in genta lei, Mangpa Jesu Krist pienma kumzalom tampi peisa hun khanglui lai pat a na kipan ahitabou hi. India gam sunga khangluimite in kamsuichienna lam na habawl na pen uh, bangzieh e, I chi leh, a labu siengthoute sunga kamgindan, hamgindan leh awsuo a na kepbit nading u’a, chientah, mantah, dihtah leh thuhtah a a na suidoh uh ahi.

Linguistics tângthu sût ding chi lei pen ngaituona tampi na op te lah a hing kitengkhie pawlkhat I sim ding uh ahi bep hi. Lâipil tampite na ngaituosa uh hâm ahilouleh kam tungtâng toh kisai sim ding tampi om na lâi hi. Mihing khat in leitung a linguistics khangthu toh kisai pilnate amatang a amawh theisuoh thei ding ahi sih hi. Ngaidân zâtzât leh thusim na omsate mun leh gamkai dungzuiin a kibang kim sih a, tuotdân chi tuomtuom leh thusim tuomtuom na om ahimanin, a khang akhang in na tuotdânte na kibang suoh thei lou phot na hihi.

Greek/Grikte ngaituonate
Hâm toh kisai lâibu na omsate patsa i et chiengin, heipen a pat ding ahiei chi pen tuot hasa mama hi. Lâibu na omsate lah a patsa in hâm tângthu poimaw mamate hkitengkhie in tuate kisim ahi.
Europ gamkai sungpan a sim dingin, Greco-Roman khanglâi a hâmkam(linguistic)/ kamhâm pilna na kimukhie lâibute, Pederson in Linguistic science in nineteenth century a na na mukhiette, Chomsky in hâm lam toh kisai a pilna a na suikhietteng, kumzalom 17 sunga lâigielte, kumzalom 10 tuom lah vêl leh Khahlawna hun a na kigielteng, tamteng na kisim deu ahihi.
Asia gamkai dingin gênta lei pen Chinate, Arabte leh Indiate kamsuisiem mipilte tampi na om tham hi. Kamsuichienna pen tu hun chiengin pilna lien dangdangte toh kikim in dinmun a neita hi. Kamhâm pilna lam pen mihingte theina leh zilna ahilouleh tawndân ngaina bangin sil peisate khanglui pilna leh siemna kigawmkhawm a, mâilam mânawt ahi. Nâupang khat a nêu pan a a’ng khanlet bangin kamhâm pilna ahilouleh kamsuichienna pen nâupang bangin na khanglien toutou zêl a, tuni chiengin pilna khangliensate toh kitêthei khop in dinmun a neita hi. Nâupang khat a’ng khanlet chienga khotheina, kihlenna, gentheina leh hamsatna a’ng tuo tou ma bangin kamsuichienna in zong tuachi bang kihlenna leh khanletna na tuoh hi. Vannei(environment) optan dungzuiin kamsuichienna zong tuachiin na khangtoutou a thatkhat thu a, hing kipan ahi tuon sih hi. Peimasate lâigielte, khanglui thusim na omsate leh kamhâm pilna na omsate ettê kawm in, kamsuichienna(linguistics) na piching thei pan hi.

Europ gamkai a kamsuichienna thupitahin na khangtou mama hi, chi pen I theita uhhi. Himaleh, tam gamkai a kamsuichienna na khanlettheina pen gam pulam patsa kamhâm pilna na kipolut zêl ahiziehin tuni tam bang dinmun ah a’ng omthei pan giap ahi bou hi. Adieh in, gênta lei, India gamkai sungpan a khanglui kamsuichiente(ancient linguistics) na puohkhiet; Sanskrit Grammar leh Phonology(Ogindân) patsa kamsuichienna pen pichingtahin Europ gam ah na kizilthei hi. Europ gamkai sungpan a leitung pilna zousie na piengkhie dân a a’ng op chiengin, tam kamsuichienna zong Europ gamkai pansa hing khangkhie dân in leitung ah a’ng kipomdohta hi. Tachi ahivangin, Europte pen kamsuichiena lam ah a na masa uh ahi china hi malmal lou hi. Europ gam a kamsuisiemte’n a kithupisahna(superiority) ding uh bangma a om tuon sih hi. Phonetic leh Phonological Theory lamsang enta lei, India gam sunga khanglui kamsuisiemte na tuotdohte leh na gieldohte leh Europ gam a kamsuisiemte mukhiette uh a kitêkâh chiengin India kamsuisiemte mukhiette pen nâhpitahin a sângzaw hi. Tam bang I chi chiengin Europ gam kamsuisiemte mukhiette pen India kamsuisiemte mukhiette sângin ngiemzaw mama hi.

Europ gamkai kamsuisiemte masawnna deu ahileh, nidanglâia khanglui Greek kamsuisiemte lâigielte pansia in Europ gam kamsuichienna tângthu na kisûtthei hi. India gamkai a Sanskrit kam a lâigielte pen a na kipatkhietdân leh a bul a bâlte na kithei khol lou ahi. Rom kumpi gamkai sunga kamsuisiemte’n Grik lâipilte thusim leh theikhiette na sût toutou zê u’a, tuachiin Latin grammariante in Middle Age lâipilte kungah na pesawnthei uhhi. Tuana kuon in, Romante lênggam mun leh gam ah, lâipilte khanletna toh kituoh in Khahlawna hunlâi in leitung mun tuomtuom ah a na kithêdal hi. A khang akhang in, thusim theite leh theinate a na kikhêl zêl hi. Tuachiin, Europ gamkai sunga kamsuisiemte pen kamhâm pilna lamsang ah gam thâ sât masate toh dinmun khat a koithei ahi. Ta bang ahimanin, Europ gamkai sunga kamhâm pilna khangthu pen leitung buppi adinga kamsuichienna khangthu chi dinga kilawm ahihi.

Kamsuichienna khangthu a kisût chiengin Grik lâipilte na mukhiette pansia in a kisui zêl hi. Hâm toh kisai a, Grik mipilte na suidohte pen tuniin zil pen leh sim pen khat a’ng suoh hi.Grikte na luo na gamte; Asia Minor tumlam tuipipang, Aegean tuikuolgamte, Sicily suolang tuipipangte, Itali simgam leh mun dangdangte pen gam nuom leh gam gâsuong na mun a na hi ziehin amate pilna lam leh lâipilna lam ah na khanglien masa pen uhhi. Grikte na khanletna toh kizuiin amate lah ah lâipil mi tampi na piengkhie hi.

Khanglui Grik mipilte’n kamsuichienna lam ah a na lunglut mama u’a, tami lamsang ah amate pen mimaste ahi uhhi. Kum tampi kamsuichienna lam ah a na nâh suithûh uhhi. Kamsuichienna toh kisai in thusim tampi a na gieldoh uhhi. Europ gamkai sunga dingin Grikte pen lâigieldân leh lâigelte(written text) thûhtah leh dihtah a na suikhe masate na hi uhhi. A hâm gielkhietdân leh a hâm uh peidân tawndân tângpi na suikhemasate ahi uhhi. Europ gamkai sunga Classical European Grammar a na puohkhiet bân u’ah, grammar suikhietna lam ah kumzalom tampi na makâi uhhi.

Grik lâiplite’n ngaituona(philosophy) tuomtuomte a’ng ngaituo chiengun hâm(kam) lam hing pienkhietdânt ah a na lunglut u’a, hâm bul leh bâl na suithupi uhhi.
Grikte guoh hilou in, hâm bang na chi pienkhiet ahiei? chi pen leitung tânga tuon patsa mihing lungsim a na thâm zing ahi. Khanglui Grik tângthusût Herodotus in Aigupta lêngpa Psametichus tângthu khat na giel hi. Psametichus in nâusên ni a pienkhiet u’a, pansa in, bang hâm in a hâm mawngmawng uoi, chi thei nuom na ziehin, koima toh kimulou dingin a dâitha(isolate) hi. Tângthu kigendân in, tuami nâusênte a’ng hâmkhiet theithei patsa un, ‘bekos’ thumal a kam u’a, patsa’n ahing pawtdoh a, tuami kammal pen Phrygian hâm in ‘tanghla’ china ahihi, tuaziehin Phrygian hâm pen leitung pumpi a hâm upapen ahi, a na chi hi.

Hâm pienkhietzie thusim
Vânnei awgingte tûtna patsa hâm piendân thusim pen Manghâm in Nativistic or Dingdong Theory of origin of language a kichi hi.a Tulâi hun chienga kithei dânin hâm hing pienkhietdân pen vannei awgingte(sounds in nature) kitut nuom a kuon a hing piengkhie ahi a kichi hi.
Hâm pienkhietzie suina toh kisai a lungbuoinate(Glottogonistic problems; problems relating to the origin of language)
Khanglui mipil ngaituomite(philosophers) in hâm kichi pen hâtangtahin na suichien sawm let uhhi. Ngaituonate lamsang thute a na kikup chiengun hâm toh kisai buoinate na pieng zêl hi.
Kamsuichienna toh kizuiin, mihing hâmtengte leh awgingte bangchi dân in a kichimat ahiei? chi thute tampi na kikum zêl uh a, na buoipi uhhi. Tam bang kikupna pen a kigêndânin, Protagors(480-410 B.C) in a na puohkhiet ahi chi pawl a na om a, pawlkhat in Pythogoras(572-497 B.C) in a na puohdoh ahi a na chi uhhi. Bangbang hitaleh, Grik lâipilte na puohkhiet ahi chi pen i theichienta uhhi.

Analogists pawlte tuotdâin hâm pen vannei silpieh(gift of nature) ahi chiin na gingta uh a, mihing tawndân patsa hing kipan ahi sih hi, achi uhhi. Tuachi ahitâhleh, kawikhat ah, dih veve hi, aziehpen, thumal awgin leh a sunga a khietna pen kituohtahin a om a, a kitheichien thei hi.
Ngaituonate, pilna, siemna, khutsiemna(artistic work), etnuomhuoite(aesthetic), vâihawmna(administration), politigs, khankhuo(tradition), pienhoina ahilouleh gamtathoi(moral) leh lungsim khantouna lamsang pen Europ gamkai sunga dingin Grikte patsa hing kipandoh ahi.

Grik Klassical Khang(Age) hunlâia, Grikte lâipilte’n a na tuotkhiette leh suikhietdohte zousie a kuon in, pilna tuomtuomte Europ mipilte’n a na lasawn u’a, tuniin amaute pen lungsim, ngaituona leh kam pilna lamsang ah lungsim a u leh nâu ahi uhhi. Bangzieh a, bangchi dân a, Grikte tuachi lawmlawm a, na pil na siem masa uh ahiei? chi pen theichien hamsa mama hi. Leitung tawp dongin azieh kitheithei lou maithei ahi tazen hi.

Babylonmite sângin Grikte a na pil mama zaw u’a, na khanglienzaw uhhi. Kamsuisiem Bloomfield in Grikte pilku dân a ‘Tânglâi a Grikte’n, midangte’n thu khat a na thu sim lou pou pen khu a suichien zêl uhhi’ Tam ahi, Grikte leh midangte na kibahlouna , chiin a hil hi.
Grikte’n tua hunlâi in zong midangte hâm dang na omzou ahi, chi pen a thei thamta uhhi.

Summetbawlna leh gam uhna lamsang toh kisaiin, Grikte leh zâtdangte na kisukha tham dingun a kigingta hi. Grikte gam uhna gam a, zâtdangte, namdangte hâm leh pâu na za zou, na theizou ta ding uhhi. Gamdang leh Namdangte hâmtengte pen Grik hâm sunga a na kilâhlutzou ding ginlelna thute na kikumzou uhhi. Grik hâm sunga gamdangmite hâmteng/thumal/thuteng a na kilalut zel hiva chipen upmaw thute leh ngaisutna pen Herodotus, Plato(Cratylus Dialogue) tegel in na tuotpha hi.


Tânglâi Grik hâm pen hâmnêu tampi in na kikhenthei hi. Mun tuomtuomte ah, mi tamlou in a na têngton u’a, amauh tum chietin, a na khosa let uhhi. Grikte chipen Grik hampawlte tênna gamkai pen a gam opdân singtâng gam pien a na hi a, tuikuolgam nêunêute ah na têng u’a, a na kithêzâh uhhi. Tuami thamlou, gâllêng namdangte’n a gam uh a na luogam u’a, a na opkhum let uhhi. Tuaziehin, tam bangin hâmnêu tuomtuomte na piengkhie ahi, chiin mipilte’n ei hil hi.
Hinanleh, tam hâmnêute pen hâm khat pansa na piengkhie(originated) leh na pieldoh(diverged) a na hihi. Tami hâmnêu kisûnte ziehin in hâmpi khat nei dânin a na kingaisutthei chiet u’a, tuami ngaituona in Grik mipi pumlum pen chi khat sa khat in a na gamkhawmzou hi.
Grik mipite a khuo khuo, a gam gam, a tui tui a zâlenna nei a kivâipuoh chiet in a na khosa uhhi.
Mângkam in Greek ‘City States’ a kichi hi. A khuokhuo, a tuitui in zâlêntahin na kivâihawm let uhhi.Khang tampitah, amauh leh amauh, gâl leh sa a a na kisim u’a, luong leh bân, lu leh sa a na kilâhtuo vângun, kumzalom 5 hunlâiin, namdangmi Persia gâlhângmite in a na lu u’a, na sim let chiengun Grik mipite na kithutuona let uh khat ahileh; Grik mite pen sisan khat, hâm khat neite ahi uhhi, chiin hatangpet zên in, a mêlmate uh a na doudâl let uhhi.
Grikte hâmnêute pen a unpi in na kigielkhe tuon sih hi. A poimaw leh a zau deuteng bep na kigielkhie hi. Kholâi hâmnêu(spoken dialect) simlouin, Grik lâitheite’n Homer laphuo ‘Illiad’ leh ‘Odyssey’ tegêl pen tua hunlâia Grikte hâmnêu khatbêh toh kibang in a na tuot sih uhhi.
Tamte pen mipi kikhopna munchin ah a na sim let u’a, lahâm thupi mama khat in a na ngaisut uhhi.
B.C Kum tûl (first millennium 1000 B.C) kipat tuom in Grikte lâiteng na kipokheta hi. Tuami lâiteng zahdân pen Attic(Athenia) khanglet hun in na kizang thupita hi. Roman kumpi a’ng khanlet toh kizuiin tumlam Grikte lâiteng zuiin Roman lâiteng a na piengkhie a, tuniin leitung pumpi ah, lâigieldân lâiteng kithêzâh tampen leh zah tampen a suohta hi.

Grikgam sungah lâigieldân leh lâiteng khang nitah a tuomtuom in na khanglien hi. B.C 2000 hun lâiin Mycenaceante in kammal gindân(syllabic sound or syllabic writing system) leh milim(logogram) zang in lâigieldân khat na pokhie uhhi. Tam pen linear B a kichi hi. Hun sawtpi kuomtah tam lâigielte simthei louin na om hi. Grikte hâm kunglui vawt pen khat in a kituot hi.

Khangmiel(Dark ages) hunlâi in Dorian gâlhângte’n Grik gamte a na sim u’a, tuaziehin, Grikte’n a lâitengte uh leh a lâigieldânte uh a na mansuota uhhi.

Grikte lâiteng tailouin, Aigupta gam ah zong lâigieldân lâiteng leh milim na kizang hi. China gam ah zong lâigieldân na kizang zou hi. Aztecte in zong lâigieldân na nei zou tham hi. Amaute lâigieldân pen milim, salim, valim, singlim leh kawmu lim(sign, shapes) chi pou a na zah uh ahi.

Grikte’n Phoenician lâigieldân a na zang uhhi. Tami lâigieldân sungah, odâite(consonants), kawmulimte(signs) leh ogingte(vowels) a na kizang let hi.
Grikte pen lâiteng leh lâigieldân pokhe masapente a kichithei tuon sih hi. Bangzieh e?, i chi leh, amate’n Hebrewte lâiteng sunga odâite pawlkhat zangin a lâiteng sung u’ah oging díngin pawlkhat in na kawm uhhi. Grikte tâumui in a gendan in, Cadmus in tuipigâl(overseas) pansa in Grikte lah ah lâiteng leh lâigieldân a na polut hi, chithu na om ngai a, tua ahimanin, Grikte lâiteng kunglui a na kipatkhietna pen khuolgam ahi chiin a kingaisut hi.

Grik lâipilte’n thuteng Grammatko a na chi chiengun, lâithei, lâiteng zahdân thei, lâigielthei, lâisiemthei mi a na china ahi. Lâisiemthei leh lâigielthei pen Technique grammatical thei na chi uhhi.

Socrates ngaituonate
Socrates in lâiteng zahdân tungtâng thu ‘Dialogue’ kichi thusim sungah na gielzou hi.
Kumzalam 5 B.C hun tuom in Grik lâipilte na kidohbuoina leh na kihoulimna uh thupipen khat ahileh; thuteng/thumal/kammal adiehin hâm(kam) leh pâu in bangchi dâna a khietna a’ng neithei ahiei? chi thu pen na buoipi sawt mama uhhi.

Socrates in a na ngaisutdân pen; sil min mi min khatpoupou in a thumal ogindân khat chiet a kinei uh a, tam bang min leh ogin pen sil khat poupou, tualeh min khat poupou in a min dihtah khat a kinei hi. Tam banga thumal opdân pen Grik leh namdangte’a a kibang kim hi, chiin na ngaituozou hi.
‘Onoma’ minlawna(noun) pen thuguiching sunga themnêu pen ahi achi hi. Tuaziehin, mi hilna ding leh vanzah poimaw pen ahi, chiin a na gen hi.Minlawna chini a om hi. Minlawnakop leh minlawna tam. Thumalte pen silpienzie leh optandân dungzuia piengthei ahi a chi hi.
Ama ngaisutdân ahileh, lâiteng peidân tângpi pen sil ahilouleh min potu optandân leh pienzie dungzuia na kiphuo ahi, chiin na um hi. Tam banga a ngaisutnate etshana dingin, minlawnakop khat ‘Poseidon’ thumal pen posi ‘feet’ ahilouleh ‘pous ‘feet’ leh desmos ‘a fetter’ kigawmton a hing piengkhie hiva chiin a gen hi. A min phuo masapa’n Poseidon adingin tuitung a pei hasa va chia a na gel zieha, tuachi bang min a na vawpieh hi, chiin a gen hi. Tua thumalte gel tamtah a gawmkhawm mai hilouin, a kilaw chienga a ginngai(euphony) nadinga lâiteng pawlkhatte na kipâikhedoh hiva chithu a gen hi.

Minlawna tamte pen a lawdân leh a ogindân bai leh hasatna toh kizuiin om deu hileh kilawm chi thu a na gen hi. ‘Lambda’ i chi chiengin i kam sungah i lei pen a kitholsuh a, tuachiin ‘l’ zah dingin a kilawm a, Phi i chi chiengin I hu tampi sêngin a kilou let a, lungthah chienga I hu beibei a I kisên toh kibang a sim ziehin, ‘ph’ zah dingin a kituoh deu hi. Tachi banga, lâitengte a kiman vangin, a Socrates mudân in, a kilebul zong tampi a om veve hi. Ettênna in, ‘skleetotes’ sunga ‘l’ a op vangin, a khau lam genna ahi vethou hi. Cratylus ngaisutdân ahileh hichi ahi; Lâiteng zahdân leh lâigieldân pen azangmite kithukimna(agreement) ahisihleh zûidân(convention or custom), zahdân ahi ngengngong hi. Tam bang thuteng/lâiteng in a kawmuna lim pen a kihlengthei zêl ahi. Thuteng khatpoupou a kihlen malaisie a dih ahia, a kawmu pen khu hâmzangte(speakers) in a pomkip lâisie uh, a mân ahihi. Hâmzangte in tua thuteng/thumal/kammal khu a kawmu lim a’ng hlen chiengun, a khietna tuompi khat a’ng neita ding hi. Tuaziehin, lâigieldân dihtah leh mântah heipen chi genchien thei ahi tuon sih hi. Aziehpen, lâiteng kibang hitave’n a kibanglou hitave’n, khumte pen sil/min kibang ahilouleh kibangloute dinmun a zong pansahthei kuom(veve) ahihi. Kithukimana leh zahdân na omsa, tuate toh lâiteng na kizang toutou zêl ahibou hi, chiin a gen hi. Tua ahiziehin, i lungsim sunga omte khu i hing hâmkhiet chiengin tam lâiteng zahdânte leh peipidânte in pulahna a’ng neisah hi.

Hâm thu toh kisai a, Plato ngaisutnate
Greek lâipil(scholar) leh philosopher Plato in B.C hun kumzalom 4th kipat lâiin, in zong kamsuichienna lam toh kisai thu leh la nempi dohna leh dawnna tampi a na podohzou hi.
Theatus leh Sophists sungah hâm lamsang toh kisai a na ngaisutnate a kimuthei hi.
Thuteng/thumal zang a thugên maimai sângin i lungsim, hâm leh sil/min kigênkhete kinâidân, kizawitawndân leh poimawdân a na mukhie hi.
Plato in thumal/kamteng i zahte uh leh sil mi kipete a kizopna a op ngai sese amah? chiin na gelchien hi. Plato in tam bang kizopna a om sih hi, chiin na pang hi.
Vannei a sil pawlkhat a kigawmthei lou ma bangin, thuteng pawlkhatte gawmthei, pawlkatte gawmtheilou in, a om hi.
Lungsim peipidân khat zuia, silte i tuotdânte uh, i minvawdânte uh a kingaisut chiengin, tam atunga kigen thusim toh a’ng kizawitawn deu hi.
Ama’n a ngaisutdân, pen thutengte bangchidân a dihtah a guol a, thugui(statement) mântah leh a khietna(definition) dihtah suichien thei ahiei chi khu a na khuolchien hi. Tuana kuon in, Formal logic a na pokhie hi.
Sophists lâibu sungah, Plato in onoma leh rhema thutengte a khietnate a na hilchien hi. Plato in rhema pen ‘nasêm’ a chia, onoma pen ‘nasêmtu’ min ahi, achi hi. Onoma ‘name’ Rhema ‘phrase or saying’ , tulâi grammar(hâmdih) in genta lei, noun leh verb chithei ahi. Logos ‘thuguiching(sentence)’ china ahi. Plato in Grikte hâmnêu tuomtuomte a thei a, chientahin a khenkhethei hi.Grik hâm in namdangte thumal a kawmte nasan zong a na thei hi. Plato in Hippias patsa a na zildoh hiva, chithu na ki-um hi.
Ama’n logic leh grammar a na khenkhe sih hi. Grammaticke teche pen grammar chia lethei ahi, tami lâibu in lâiteng kiguoldân leh kigawmdânte a na hil a, morphology ahilouleh syntax thute bangma a na genkha kawi sih hi. Grikte lâiteng zûidân thute bou a na gên hi.

Silte leh a minte kizawitawn ahi chi thu pen ama’n a pom sih a, hâm khat sunga peipidân leh zahdân kizui a, hâmtengte kisiem ahi achi hi.
Ahivangin, ama’n, tam hâm leh thumalte bangchidân a, dânpi khat zui loua, amathuthu a, na piengkhie ahiei? chi zong na suidoh sawm tuon sih hi.

Aristotle ngaisutnate
Ahivangin, ama sangnaupang Greek laipil Aristotle in kamteng leh sil minte pen a kizopna om ahi, chiin na lêpan leuleu hi.Aristotle gêndân in, kamteng/thumal/thuteng leh sil min(a lim, a guong) ahileh tuami hâmzangte zûidân(convention) lâhdân leh, amauh leh amauh kithukimdân(agreement) ahi leltah hi chiin a na gen hi. Tulâia, kamsuisiemte pomdân tam bang ahi. Kamsuisiemte ngâidân ahileh ganhing khat min tuomtuom nei pen azieh a om sese a, a om ngai vatêh sih hi. Tuachiin Mangkam a dog kichi pen, German kam in hund, French kam in chien, Spanish kam in perro, Russian ham in sobaka, Hindi ham in kuttā, Kannada hām in nāyi, Zokam/Zohâm in ûi leh kamdangte ah a min tuomtuom a kivaw hi.

Stoic ngaituona(Stoic Philosophy)
Kumzalom B.C 4th hun tuom a ngaituotute pawlkhatte khu Stoics na kichi uhhi.
Tuate lah a ngaituotu minthang tawpna penpa Roman kumpi Marcus Aurelus(161-180 A.D) ahi.
Amate pen ngaituotu Aristotle nuazuite; Peripatetics kichi pawl demsete ahi uhhi.
Kamsuichienna lam ah nasep nempi a na nei uhhi. Tua hun chienga, symbol/sign kichi pen ‘semanion’ chiin na minvaw uh hi. Akhietna ‘meaning’ pen semainomenon na chi uh hi. Ogindân, kamteng, thuteng osuodân chite a na pokhie uh hi.
Hâm zahna ah, a khietna neilou kamteng ‘legein’ a na pokhie u’a, a khietna nei thuteng ‘propheresthai’ a na podoh uh hi. Tam bang thuteng a na puohkhiet ziehun awgindân zilna(phonetic study) lamsang ah a’ng kimangthei hi.

Paanini leh Sanskrit hâm
Iran leh India gamkai teng a hâm inkuonteng pen Indo-Iranian ahilouleh nidanglâi in Aryan(Indo-Aryan) a na kichi hi. Rigveda late lâhkhawm pansa in Sanskrit hâm a’ng kimuthei hi. Kumzalom 1000 B.C hun a na kigielkhie hi dinga gintat ahi. Huikhuo opdân hoilou ziehin lâgielte na kigawlching theita ahi. Akhang akhang in, thu leh la, kam leh mua in na kipesawnsawn zel uhhi.
Siempute’n kithoina phuiteng a na zahzah uh, ahimanin, kum B.C 400 tuom in hamdîhsiem(grammarian) Paanini in a na gielkhie pan hi, chiin a kigen hi.
Kumzalom tampi Sanskrit na khanlet zouin, Sanskrit pansa in Prakrit na piengkhie hi. Prakrit hâm pen Buddhism biehna a’ng khanlet toh kizuiin na khangtou tou hi.

Sanskrit lâipil Paanini(circa 500) in kamsuichienna toh kisain, Sanskrit grammar Astādhyāyī(600-300 B.C) kichi laibu sungah na giellutzou hi.
Sanskrit hâm pen hâm pichingtah, kituptah, hausatah, loupitah ahi., Bloomfield in, mihing pilna muolsuong thupi ahi, chiin a na gen hi.

Tamil grammar laibu; Tolkāppiyam
Tam ban ah, Tamil grammar laibu; Tolkāppiyam(3rd century B.C). Tam laibu gel in, tua laia, mite hamdan leh awsuodan hoitah leh kituptahin a na giellut uhhi. Tuachiin, Hemachandra(12th century A.D) in Prakrit hamleng a na gielchien a, ham tangthu giellut dan a na bawl masapen hi. India mite pen amauh kam/hâm mai a na poimaw ngai ziehun, amauh hâm leh midangte ham kitêkâh ding thute na buoipi sih u’a, tuaziehin, comparative linguistics(kamsuichien kitêkāhnate) lam a na sai vet sih uhhi. India gam sungah, linguistics zilna lampang pen kum 2500 malai a patsa na kithei ahitabou hi, leitung kamsuisiemte’n a na mangngil uh hileh kilawm ta bou hi. Tulai linguistics kichi pen kum zani zathum maimai upa ahi bep hi. Tumlam kamsuisiemte’n Sansksrit ham a na muchien zieh u’a, India gam sunga linguistics a na upatdan leh a na khanletdan hing kitheichien pan ahihi.

Catholic siempute na khumsate
Kumzalom 19th hun sungin lâilam sang mawngmawng pilna siemna na khangtou mama hi.

Adiehdiehin kamsuisiemte Grimm, Whitney, Meyer-Lirbke, Max Muller, Burgmann, August Schleicher, Franz Boaz, Edward Sapir, Bloomfield te’n kamsuichienna lampang a na khangliensah mama uhhi.
Kumzalom tampi peisa hunte ah, Roman Catholic siempute’n India gam ah hâm tampite na zilzou un, na khumzou uh hi. Sir William Jones in Sanskrit a na zil masangin, Catholic uhpite (Portuguese, French, German) leh Catholic siempute’n India gam sunga hâm leh pâu tampite a na zilzou u’a, a na gielkhie zou uh hi. Italian Filipo Sassetti in Lingua Sanscruta na giel lâibu sungah Italian thuteng leh Sanskrit thumal kibang tampi a om hi, chiin na khumzou hi.

Sir William Jones
Khahlawna khang patsa in Europ hitaleh America hitaleh, lâipilte tampi na piengkhie u’a, leitung pilna na belapzou uhhi. Kum 1786 kum in East India Company a nasêmpa; Sir William Jones in Royal Asiatic Society Calcutta mun ah, ama na mukhiet thusim a na simdoh hi. Ama’n a na mukhietdân ahileh, Sanskrit, Latin, Greek leh Germanic hâmte na kitanâu uh ahi chiin a na hil hi. Sanskrit hâm hausatdân(richness), guong loupi, pichindân(exquisiteness) kitupdân(perfection) leh a kungluidân a na hilchien hi. Latin sângin a hausazaw a, Greek sângin a kitupzaw hi, a chi hi. Sansrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, Celtic hâmte pen hâmbul(proto-language) khat pansa na piengkhie hi, chiin na gen hi. Tam bang kamsuichienna lam toh kisai a, phuonkhietna a’ng nei a patin, kamsuichienna lam ah lâipilte a na thalawp mama uhhi. Tam bang mukhietna kuon in, Mângkam/Mânghâm suichienna nasatahin a na kibawl toutou a, Mângkam tângthu leh Mângkam kungluite na kisuidoh hi. Tuachiin, tam hâm kitanâu zousie pen Indo-European Innkuon Hâmte (Indo-European Family of languages) chiin a’ng kiminvawta a, tuana kuon in historical linguistics pen subject tuom vilvel khat in a’ng kitawita hi.
Mângkam a kisun; Sanskrit grammar masapen kumzalom 19 hun laiin na kisunzou hi.

Jacob Grimm(1785-1863) in Deutsche Grammatical kum 1818 kum in na suo hi. Khanglui leh Tulâi Germanic hâm hâmdih guongte (grammatical structures) tomkim in a hilchien hi. Kum 1822 kum in German, Sanskrit, Latin leh Germanic hâmteng a ogin kibahdânte a hilchien hi.
Tam lâibu sunga ogin kihlendânte ‘sound shifts’ khu Grimm’s Law kichi ahi.

Radio patsa Smartphone(Radio to Smartphone)

By Philip Thanglienmang,
DANICS,
B.E(Civil Engg Ist class), M.A(Linguistics)

Ei leitung mihingte’n tulaia sil zahthei, zâhthei, muthei, ettheite leh khawlsiem silte pen ahi mawng dingin i ngaituo u’a, koite na ngaituo ahia, koite’n lungsim tampi seng a, a na mukhiet leh puohkhiet uh ahiei? , chi pen i tuot vatêhta sih uhhi.

Tâitheina, lêntheina mesinte a na op masang in i pu i pate un, kammal a zah chiengun, leitung tawpna chi kammal na suo leng uhhi. Leitung tawpna kichi pen hei sung a na hi diei chi pen koima’n a genchienthei nawnta sih hi. Bangzieh e? i chi leh, khantouna leh khanletna toh kizuiin, mun chin leh gam chinteng ah mihingte, a ut ut un, a tungtheita uhhi.

Thuthang saite leh limlahte patsa in TV leh cinema ki-etthei ziehin leitung pumpi(khovel) a silpiengte, siltungte i kâ nêu sungah i enthei zieu ta uhhi. Tu hun chiengin leitung pen khotanêu(hamlet) bangin a kingaisuttheita hi. Manghâm in global village a kichi a, ei hâm in, leitung khotanêu chithei ahi. Bangzieh a? leitung khotanêu kichithei ahiei ? chi thute enton vai. Tam thu leh la toh kisai a i gelkhawm dingteng pat ma-in, khovel, limlahna ah kipan lei kichien pen dingin ka um hi.

Kum 1824-28 kikâl sungin Nicephore Niépce in tulai a, limlâhna(photography) hing kipatna; heliography a na bawlkhie hi. Amasapen in, ama’n suongphêng tungah gamlim a na tussah hi. Tuazaw in, sumsan tungah lim a na kilangsah hi. Sumsan sanga hoizaw chiin siakâng tungah lim a na kilangsah hi. Tua hunlai a limlahna a na siemkhiette pen hun sawtpipi ni ni ni thum nisa in a na kikhawsah ngai hi. James Clerk Maxwell, Scot mipilpa’ n Michael Faraday na mukhiet electromagnetism tungthu thûhtahin a na suikhie a, kum 1873 kum ‘Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism’ lâibu a na suo hi. Michael Faraday ngaisutnate(ideas) bulphu in, ama’n kum 1855 kum in lâigiel khat na suo hi. Tuami a laigiel sungah, electric(khawlmei) leh magnetic hute(effects) taitheina huikhuo(medium) limguong(model) khat a hilchien hi. Kum1888 kum in, German mipil Heinrich Hertz radio hute(radio waves) a na mukhie hi.Hertz in radio hute a na mukhiet a kuon in, Italian mipil Guglielmo Marconi pen tuami radio hute suichienna lam ah a na lunglut mama hi. Ama’n a na ngaisut pen bangchi leh, gamlapi a om mite khat leh khat kihoutuona in a kizangthei diei? chiin a lungsim a sinsim na huolhuol hi.

Radio hute toh kisai in, bagnchi leh, mun gamla tandong radio hute zangin huikhuo ah kihoumatna a piengthei diei? chiin, etkhietnate tampi vei a na bawl zaw in, kum 1897 kum in Guglielmo Marconi in wireless telegraphy a na bawlkhie a, tua na kuon in, ngâithei radio na khanglien in, Europe leh America gam ah, thuthang zâhsahna, thu poimawte phuonna a na kizang let hi. 1872-1877 Stroboscopic disc toh limte a banban in na ki-enthei pan hi.1884 George Eastman photographic film na siemkhie hi.

1877 kum in, Thomas Edison in siakâng phêng kiviel(tinfoil cylinder phonograph) tungah mihing aw( ‘Mary had a little lamb’) na khum masapen hi.1885 Chichester Bell leh Charles Tainter in phonograph zat nina a siemdoh gel hi. Tuami mesin pen Graphophone na kichi hi. Khuoikhep tungah a lam a kigit hi.

1887 kum in phonograph zat thumna Emile Berliner in na siemdoh hi. Tuami mesin min ‘Gramophone’ na kichi hi. 1887 Thomas Alva Edison in motion picture camera patent na nga hi.1888 Thomas Alva Edison in khuoilumei lum tungah lim na khumlut sawm hi. . 1894 Guglielmo Marconi in kum 20 a chin kum in radio tangthu na siem hi. Ama’n a tenna khuo Bologna, Italy ah radio masapen a na siemdoh hi.

1895 France gam ah, limpia(Motion pictures) mipite’n na ki-ensah masapen hi. 1897 Ferdinand Braun in TV kapna kizang; Cathode Ray Tube na bawldoh hi. 1907 TV limlahna in Cathode Ray Tube na kizang panta hi.

1923 TV kapna picture tube; Iconoscope na kisiemdoh hi. 1927 Al Jolson telna limpia hamthei masapen ‘The Jazz Singer’ na kibawl hi. 1927 Mipil John Logie Baird (August 13, 1888 – June 14, 1946) kichipa pen khovel a, TV na siemdohpa leh na podohpa ahia, ama’n color TV kilangthei masapen zong a na siemdoh hi.

Kum 1927, Baird in London patsa’n Glasgow mêl 438(750km) gamla in TV limlahna na bawldoh hi. Glasgow Central Hotel Glasgow ah TV na tungin, na ki-enthei hi.1928 kum in John Baird in limpiate leh a aw kikhumtheina mesin a na siem hi.

1929 Vladimir Zworykin(USA) leh Manfred von Ardenne(Germany) in cathode ray tube a na siemtou uh a, electronic telivision ah a na zang uhhi.Thuras loudspeaker 1933, from AT&T Archives1930 Bing Crosby in radio tungpan in ‘I Surrender Dear’ kichi la khat na sa hi. 1930 bul lam in, TV limlahna etkhietna tampi na kibawl hi. 1936 London khopi ah Television lahna masapen na om hi.

1938 Color TV lahna George Valensi in na pokhe masa hi. 1945 America(USA) gam ah TV 7000 sanga tawmzaw a na om pan a, station 9 maimai na om hi. New York ah 3, LA leh Chicago ah 2 tuoh, Philadelphia leh Schenectady, N.Y ah khat tuoh na om hi.

Scott phonautograph Mary had a little lamb on engraver 1888from before Edison Edison tinfoil cylinder from Gramophone Berliner recordingon lateral groove

Kum 1970-80 tandongin ta bang kammal pen na kiza ngai na lai hi. bawm bang a lien Radio na kingai zel hi. Leitung khanlet dungzuiin, radio pen a’ng neu deudeu a, 1990 tan in transistor radio neute ngen a na kizangta hi.India gam sungah 1996 kum tuom in Mobile handset golte a’ng khanglien mama hi.Tua hun laiin, Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta leh khopid dangdang a têng, mi hausate beh in, a na nei zou giap na lai uhhi. Delhi Government ka zop kum 1997 kum in Sub-divisional Magistrate(SDM), Chanakyapuri sub-division, New Delhi District mun ah ka na tou hi.

Tami New Delhi district pen India gam sunga milien milalte tênna mun leh gam ahi. India sunga Member of Parliamentteng tênna ban ah India gam uh milien milalte opna mun ahihi. Delhi. Kumpi in kou SDM zousie Airtel Handset Mobile khat chiet ei na pie uhhi. Tua hun laiin, India gam sungah mihausa tahtahte loungal in mobile handset a na tawizou sih uhhi. Tua ban ah, mobile handset mawngmawng a tawm in a na tawm na lai hi. Kum 1997 kum vel in, India gam sunga mobilete simta lei pen 10,000 zong pha lou ding hi. Mi hausate vanzah maimai danin a na kituot kawi hi. Tuachiin kei pen hing eimite lah a, mobile handset zang masapen khat ka suoh hi.

Tuachia hun a’ng peitou zel toh kizuiin, mobile handsette a’ng pung sêmsêm a, minautangte zahthei leh tawithei dingin a’ng kisiemta hi. Mobile handsette zong a’ng neu deudeu u’a, a’ng mel lawm deudeu u’a, tu hun chiengin, a neu a lien in, ngahnu tangvalte’n Fashion bangin a’ng kitawi chiet dêmdûmta vanuh hi. Leitung kikhêl kin mama na sa sih uh amah? Kei mu danin vang leisiet tunga mihingte electronic vanzahte pen ani ni’a kikhêl danin ka mu hi.

Ngaituo vawi uh tah, kum 1850 kum dongin ei mihingte zahthei vanzah bil a ngaithei mawngmawng bangma na kisiemdoh nai lou hi. Tuni’n eite’n i ette uh, i zahte uh, i mute uh, i tawite uh, pen bangchi banga na kingaituo ahia, bangchi banga mipilte’n na ngaisut u’a, na puohkhiet uh ahiei? chi pen tuotkhah dingin zong i gelta sih uhhi.

Mobile phone tawizouloute pen a changkangloute china a suohta mawh hi. Tam zong eimite kisietna vanzah lienpi khat a hing pangthei ahimanin, pilvangtah a, zah leh man dingin hoi ka sa hi. Mobile phone guoh genda ta vai, tuni’n bil a ngaithei, zahthei, mit a etthei mobile TV, mun leh muolte etkhiettheina phone lah hi kuom, computer-laptop lah hi zieu!, eima mimal thu leh late, laibu leh lai poimawte gawlna sâlpi(big barn/storehouse) in a kimangthei zieuta hi!

Tuachiin, i pu i pate’n tângmi pil leh phuithei mite a na gengen uh; Pu Galngam in sa chin a na hênlutna theipêng; Galngam theipêng i chi pen uh, tuni’n leitung khantouna toh kizuiin, ei lah ah, electronic silsiemte khanletna toh kizuiin, Galngam theipêng pen Pendrive lim leh mêl in i lah u’ah, melmuthei in a’ng omta hi. Tami Pendrive sungah tanglaia Pu Galngam in gamsate a zaza a, a na thunlut ma bangin tuni’n eite’n thu leh la I neite uh, laibu tampi, laigiel tampite inn dim zên ding khop pen tam Pendrive neu lingleng nou thûl sungah baitahin I guonglut zieu thei lien uhhi. Tuni’n Pu Galngam in tam bang sil omthei ahilam thei leh pen kipah sêngin nuinuita ve’n maw law!.Mihingte pen mobile phone lim leh mel lawm in a kilungkimthei ta sih a, a thatha lam kidei ahimanin, tuni’n electronic mipilte’n mobile phone mawhna(tam) mai dei khopta lou uh, ahi chiengun, a silsiem uh, min tha dingin, Smartphone a’ng chi touta uhhi.Smartphone ban ah bang a’ng om tou kia diei? chi pen i ngaisutthei ding uoi?

GUOTUI KHOLKHAWMNA (Rainwater Harvesting)

Philip Thanglienmang

DANICS, M.A(Linguistics)

Ei leitung mihingte dinga huisieng leh tuisieng a poimaw mama hi. Kumtawn a tuisieng dawn zing thei ding bangin I ngaisut uhhi. Tuisieng manphatdan theilou mi tampite i om na lâi uhhi. Tuisieng pammai dan leh poimawdan theilou in, i mawh buohmang na uh hun tampi mun nempi na om maithei hi. Mi; atawmzawte’n tuisieng pen a tawptheilou, a beitheilou tabangin a mawh tuot uhhi.

Mihing hinna díngin i nâna uh; huisieng(oxygen) bân in, tuisieng(fresh water) a poimawpen hi. Luidungte leh leinuoi tuikhûhte khu mihingte tuidawn lâhna a suoh hi. Tuhun chiengin, leinuoi tuikhûhte zong a'ng kihâzah sêngtâh ziehin, a kang sieng ding a kisata hi.
Luidung a tui luongte khu khawlsilsiemnate(industries) leh mihingte natoh silbawlte ziehin, a nini in a nieh deudeu a, tuachiin luidung tampite pen dawntheilou a suohzouta hi. Leitung khantouna leh khanletna toh kizuiin, mihingte natoh silbawlte leh silsiemte ziehin tuinêhte, tuinâhte, gundung, luidung, vadung, tuisam pulnate leh leineitui khûhte(groundwater reservoirs) a nini in a nín deudeu a, a nieh sêmsêmta hi.

Dawnthei tuisieng omsunte zong dei bangin a kiningchingthei nawnta sih a, leitung mihingte dawn dingin a kichingzouta sih hi. Tui ziehin gâldouna leh buoina tampi hing pieng ngêi va chi a ki-upmaw mama hi.

India gam sunga mipilte mudan ahileh, tam gam sungah guotui hing kesuh mawngmawng a sim chiengun, sângtul 4,000 cubic metre a pha hi, chiin a’ng hil uhhi. Tamza lah a panin, selisuosekhat(one fourth) maimai a na kizangthei bep a, a dangteng pen tuikangpi zuon in a luong siengta hi.

Tam banga guotui kesuh mawh luon mangte chinna díngin Dam tampi a kilamzouta hi. India gam ah Dam gol 4,500 a om a, dam neute pen tulsawm val bang a om hi. Dawnthei tuisieng Dam tampi toh kikholta mana’nleh zong mihing mising aleli(quadrupled) in a pung zel a, mimal sim a(per capita), zahthei leh dawnthei tuinêh pen a kiemsuh zel hi. A kihisapdan in, dawnthei tuisieng pen mimal sim in cubic meter 6,000 apatin cubic meter 2000 in a kiemsuhta hi.

Hichi bang dinmun ahitâh ziehin, mâilam hun ah, mihingte bang a dawnta ding uoi? chia a kingaisutsut chiengin mipilte’n vântung pan a hing kesuh guotuisieng(pure rainwater) kholkhawmna bawl dingin pha asa uhhi.

Kum sawmli sawmnga peisa hun sungin mihingte’n leinei tuikhûhte a hâzah sêng taluo man un, a leng(level) a kiemsuhsuhta a, kum khat in, feet 1 apat feet 4 tan a kiem zel hi. Tam banga leineitui khûhte a kiem zel leh pen mihingte hinna zong sietna lam ah a tongkha ding hi, chiin mipilte’n a’ng hil uhhi.

Guotui Kholkhawmna(Rainwater harvesting)
Khovel a tui sieng penpen chikhat khu guotui ahi. Guotui Kholkhawmna kichi bang e? A phattuomna bang ahia ?, i inn chiet ah guotui i kholkhawmthei diei? Tuachi hita bang leh khumi guotui a sieng nalai diei? Sum leh pâi bangza sên a ngai diei? Guotui a’ng kieh chienga, tuikhûh sung khat a, kizawltung leh kikholkhawm khu Guotui Kholkhawmna kichi ahi. Mangkam in Rainwater Harvesting kichi ahi. Tam guotui pen zahle ding leh leinei tuikhûhte suhdimna zahthei ahi. Vântung apata hing kesuh tuisieng na kikâizawl in, tuihu a lêng mangsah loua, leinei a lutsuhsah loua, pâmmailoutah mantamloutah tualeh mawh luon mangsah loua, mite zahthei dinga, mun kituptah a na kikholkhawm khu Guotui kholkhawmna.

I pu I pate’n guotui sieng poimawdan na thei uhhi. Inn a lam chiengun, bihla tui tuhna chi’n guotui tuhna dingin guomkuoh na hoi siem uhhi. Singtanglei; Zolei a na hlaw chiengun guotui kete mama na zang un, haichi leh antelouhingte na chîng let uhhi.

Tulai chiengin tuinêh hing hâsat toh kizuiin mite’n guotui zawldan ding leh kholkhawm ding dan ahing ngaituo poimaw mama ta uhhi. Tam silbawl theina dingin mun lienpi ngailou hi. Guotui kete kholkhawmna ding mun golpi poimaw lou hi. Tuikhûh kangsa khat amaw? Leinei a tanki kiphûm amah? ahisihleh leitawkuohte pou zahthei ahi.

A poimawpen theiding khu tuisieng a’ng vâng sêmsêm ding ahia, tuazieha tui khêtzahdân leh kholkhawmdân lamsang thupi seding ahi. Bangma zousie Kumpi tungah bangteng kimawh ngap sih vâi. Eima mimal chiet in bangchi leh tui ka kholkhawmthei diei? chia panlâh chiet ding ahizaw hi. I gam sunga tuikhûhte, vadungte, luidungte leh gunpite sungah silnieh leh buate mawh selut sih va ui, tuin a kihêh masangin pangkhawm chiet va ui. Tui kichi pen i theisa mabangun i hinna uh ahihi. Tui na omlou hitamaleh nang leh kei i om diei? chi pen ngaituo dingin hoi ka sa hi.

Ei mihingte dingin tui kichi pen tui mawhna hilou in hinna tui ahihi. Tuaziehin, koipou tami kei laigiel sim tapou, u leh nau, tui manphatdân, tui kholkhawmdân, tui zahdân, tui vândân(rarity, shortage), tui poimawdân kiziltha kia va ui.

O, Pupa lâukha: A tribute to Pu T. Ngulzakhup 1918-2009

JCA(1954) founding Chairmanpu T. Ngulzakhup sini(20/3/2009) in a tu a tate opna mun; Bharatnagar, New Delhi ah ka va vâhlut leh, unau Delhi Lutheran Church te’n ama sunna kibawl sawm ahi, chiin ei na hil uhhi. Tuachi ahileh, chiin kei zong kipâhtahin tuami hun mang dingin ka nu-uh; Nuomzavung toh ka ngah u’a, naupangte toh ka khawllim uhhi. JCA founderpa ngaituona leh sepkhiette thei khomkhom in ka na kikum uhhi. Kum sawmgiet val tusawn mom sawn muthei a, kum sawtpi Pasien ama a damsah hiva chiin zong ngaidan ka kikum uhhi. JCA founderpa sini in bangtengpi ka tuottuot a, tuotmaw tuotthei tampi ka na tuot hi.

JCA founderpa’n tuni dinmun a Zo/Zou hlattuomte ding dingin na mamu masa sâm lou ding hi a!, bangchi tuh in a lungtang ah na a sa tuntun diei maw? chiin ka tuot hi.

“Tangkuong tunga lungsim sinsim khâu bang na huol kawm a, sun annkhing na neh laite uh, ka lungsim in ka tuot zêl hi. Tuni donga Zogam mieldante ka tuottuot chiengin, tua hun laia Zogam bangchi tuh a na miel a na hi diei aw ? chi bang ka ngaisut let hi”


U Haulam leh U Kamkhosoi te pa ahi chi zong tammi ni in ka thei pan hi. U Haulam Sugnu khuo a a’ng pêm hun lai ka na thei a, ka be ka phung ahi, chi zong ka na thei a, hinaleh, JCA founderpa tapa ahi chi pen ka na theikha vawt hilhiel sih hi. Tam bang thute ka’ng thei bep in, JCA founder khat ka neusen pienna khuo; Sugnu gamlei a, a’ng kivuithei pen ka mimal lungsim ngaituona toh hampha ka kisa a, ka lung a dam mama kawi mawh hi!

Zogam mielnate tânvâh dinga na kalsuon I pu I pate; tapidaw masate lungsim ngaituona thupi ka sa hi, thupi na lawmlawm u’e ! chi loungâl gendan ding, a dang ka tuotdoh thei tuon sih hi. Bangchih chiengin Zogam mielnate kei zong ka suvahthei diei? chiin ka lung ka huol ngitnget hi. Zogam ah lah va kalsuonthei si’ng, Delhi beh ah, bang ka bawlthei ei ? chi ka ngaisutna ahita mai hi.

I Pu I Pate pen Biehna khat a na luongkhawm dieldiel sa lai, bang khopihui leh solna lummei na kâikhum a’diei maw ? chi’n ka lungsim ka tuottuot let mawh hi. Tumlam huisie lâng a’diei maw? Suolam?, Mâllam huisie lâng a’diei maw? awle, Simlam tongsie?
Zohâm ngawingawi a, Laisiengthou(Holy Bible) nei ding a na ut va tun lai u’a, a lungsim tuotdan ding uh, ka geldoh kia hi. Mite’n Zote simmaw leh musit bawl a, na bawl lai u’a, ni mu masa hla mu masate ahi u’a, bangteng lunglai a na huol khawm zel ding uoi maw? chiin ka tuot sawnsawn hi. Lungkituoh tahin, Zo/Zou Bible neitheina dingin, Zomi Inter confessional Bible Translation Committee khat a na phutkhie uhhi. Tam committee in Holy Bible in Zo kichi pen kum 7sagi sung vingveng na letdoh uhhi. Zaitha pat bang sai in a sun a zan in, I pu I pate ham ngêl zang a, Laisiengthou nei ding chiin khamul saupipi khawi pawlkhat toh kiteh in mi simmaw nawn lou dingin hating pet pum in na pang chiet uhhi.
Ahi’nlah, Holy Bible in Zo a’ng kizaw in, Simlam huisie hing lâng in, tongsie zatam Zo/Zou te sinlai sungah solna lummei bangin a na kâisah zou hi. Simlam Zolengthe khuong in na pu na pate lungtang simmaw unlen, na pu na pate hâm ngaina sih unlen, kouma lungtang leh mikang sapkângte lungtang pozaw uh lachin pen na khangtou zaw ding uhhi, chiin solna sâisîp a na mutkhum chietta uhhi. Simlam sâisîp tum ngaina mite’n Zo/Zou te pupa tongdam ngainou leh luonsiem nou khâu bang na sâttan hiauta uhhi. Zu bang mawl mielmiel Zo/Zoute nâu bang na sângta uhhi. Hêmlam tongluon a ngai amah? a ngailou ahiei? chi zong na siel manta sih uhhi. Apocripha, Apocripha, Apocripha chiin Zo Holy Bible tungah mawna lienpi na tungsahta uhhi. Apocripha laigil sunga tongdam luonsiemte simlou dingin sanggam aw, na nuntatna pammai ma e, maw!

“O, pupa lâukha Apocripha simthu tâng a tuon ah, na na theikha mawngmawng ei maw? chiin na’ng dong va’ng chi leng lah, hânkhuh bing kêikûi bangta mawh e!
O, Sienmang na vontawite simlei tunga Apocripha zieh a na sapsiet amah? ke’n awithei malmal si’ng e!. Na Vontawite na’ng sapsiet hilou e, Simlam tongsie luong in, na Zogam lei a, solna lummei na kâisah hibou e!, ka chi chiengin sinlai ah na sa’ng e, Tung a Sienmang aw e, Zo/Zou vontawite leh Pupa lâukha samgi bang khen nang Apocripha aw samsietna na tang t’aw ka chi diei leh, awleh, ka chi sih diei ?”

Zomi Christian Labupi(1959? copy) a na sutkhiette uh, ka vêl chiengin, lahâm(peotic language) tampi a na zang leng u’a, a pu a pate kamzah, hâmkam thûhtaha a na gawlching(preserve well) na lailai thei dante uh, ka ngaisut chiengin loupi ka sa hi. Tulai hun chiengin a tu a tate’n Zohâm mangngil dehdeh ta mana’n uh leh zong, laigiel lam ah a pu a pate ham a kemching tinten na lai u’a, tami zong thupi leh loupi ka hi.
Tui bang luong khawm dieldiel a Zogam miel lah a Sienmang chinthu khâu bang na zunte ke’n Salam lienpen ka pie hi.

Note: Tami article pen ka Office sunga ka tuot zuaiteng ka’ng giel ahihi, koima kapna ka giel ahi sih hi. Hithei bang hileh, hlattuomte kigawmkhawm a LABU na sut sawm pen uh, tungah Zogam Labu ahisihleh Zo Tapidaw Labu chi bang minvawthei uh lachin deihuoi ka sa hi. Zou a’ng kizah leh, pen Kawlgam a I unau Zote’n hing zang lou maithei ahimanin, Kawlgam a kipomthei ding Spelling zahsawm un chia ka ngaidan ka’ng pieh ahibou hi. Genkhiel kitheisiem va ui.
Philip Thanglienmang
DANICS, M.A(Linguistics)

MIHING LÊNNA TÅNGTHU (History of Man’s Flight)

Philip Thanglienmang, DANICS, M.A(Linguistics)
Tulâi hun in, ei mihingte’n vânlêng a I lên chiengun, a hi ding mawng bangin I gêl ta uhhi. Mipil masate’n lungsim leh hluohbu bangza a na sên zieh u’a, tuni’a eite’n nuomtah leh olsamtah a, munchin gamchin teng I kawmthei uh ahiei? chi thute I ngaisut ngai sih uhhi.Tânglâi a kipatsa’n leitung mihingte’n vân lâi zawl a, vâ lênglâite a na mu chiengun, a na êng thei mama u’a, vâte banga nuomtah a, a lênthei nadîngun lungsim sinsim na tuot let uhhi. Tua banga, a lên ûtdânte uh, lahâm ah, ‘va bang lêngkhawm’ chiin a na mang zêl uhhi. Wright unâute gêl in vânlêng a na lênsahthei masangin zong mihing in vân lâia bangchi leh a kilêngthei diei? chi tamveipi na tum uhhi. Tami toh kisaiin, tângthu tuonthu tampi na kigielzouta hi.Kumzalom 18th hun lain gasbag, valve, bawm(basket) chite na kisiemkheta hi. Leonardo da Vinci in lênna siem ding dân pilna lamsang na giel masapên ahi. Tuami pilna zangin, Montgolfier unâute gel in, hui sânga zângzaw lênna na siem masa ahi uhhi.Kumzalom 20th bul lam apatin lênna siemdân zât tampi a na kipokheta hi. Wright Unâute’n December 17, 1903 nia vânlêng masapên a na lênsah zou u’a, kipatsa’n, leitung ah lênna chituomtuom tampi na kisiemkheta hi. 1950 bul lam in, supersonic jet leh subsonic jet bomber na kisiemkhie hi. Lênna khênna lam ah, USA pen leitung pumpi a lênna tegnolozi lam a siempen leh sângpen ahi. USA pen leisiet pumpi a namchinte lah a, lênna siemna lam a, siempen ahi.Part 1: Mihingte va bang a na lên sawmna thuteLeitung ah, mihingte va bang na lêng nuom mama uhhi. Mihingte’n leisiet tungah vâte lêndânte a mu chiengun tua banga lêntheina ding lungsim a na nei uhhi. ‘Va bang lêng dîng’ lahâm gui chi bang a na phuokhie uhhi. Jesu pienma kum 400 B.C tuom hun lâiin, China gam ah sil lêngthei khat; lâilêng(lâilâm) zêm tuomtuomte toh kizêmte a na siemdoh uhhi. Lâilâm na kisiemdoh a kipatin mihingte’n tua banga lênthei ding na lunggul uhhi. Chinesete’n(Sênte’n) biehpiehna a na nei chiengun Lâilêng(lâilâm) zêm tuomtuom a na zang let uhhi.Kumzalom tampi na peisa hun sungin, mihingte’n va banga lêntheina dingun vâte lêndân na enkhie un, a na zil zêl uhhi. Mihing hlakui a na siem u’a, singpêh zâng leh va-hla(feather, plume) khut leh bân tawng a, khîthei dîng a na siemdoh u’a, tuachiin vâte lên bangin a na lên sawm let uhhi. Mihingte tel leh voute vâte hlakui bang a kisiem ahi lou ziehin vâte lênnop dânte a zilthei sih uhhi.Hero in Aeolopile na siemkhi hi.Khanglui lâiin Greek mipil Alexandria mi Hero kichipa’n tuisahu zangin thaneina(power) a na siemkhie hi. Ama’n Aeolipile kichi tuisahu(steam) patsa thaneina inzin(engine) khat a na siemdoh hi. Tuana kuon in tuni’n mihingte’n lênna inzin a’ng siemthei uhhi.Greek Pasiente leh Icarus(Greece)Greekte tuonthu tângthu ah mihingte lêntheina khu Pasien bawl ahi a na chi uhhi. Leitung minam chinte tâumui sungah zong pheh lêngthei, kâu lêng, mei lêng leh huikhuo a lêngthei sil dangdangte na kigên hi. Greekte tâumui khat ah, Lêngpa Minos in mipilIcarus vân lâia lêngDaedalus leh a tapa Icarus a mat lâiin, khuoikhep leh vamul zangin a lênna ding uh hlakui na bawl un, Daedalus pen Naple gam zuonin a na lêng hi. Hinanleh, a tapa khandawng tha-thah Icarus pen thanuom sêngsêng kisa in, a pa thuhil manglou in a lênglêng leh nipi toh kinâi mama in, a va lêngkha a, tuachiin a khuokhep hla a’ng zungmang a, a neia tuipi tungah suongtum bangin a kesuh a, a sita hi.Pu Leonardo da Vinci lênna lim suoiteItaly mipil Pu Leonardo da Vinci in kum 1480 kum tuom hun in lênna bangchi siem ding e? chi pen na ngaituozou hi.Lênna mesin masapen Pu Leonardo da Vinci in na ngaituo hi. Kum 1485-1500 tuom in Leonardo da Vinci in mihing lêntheina ding lênna mesin(machine) ‘Ornithopter’ kichi khat a na suoidoh(design) hi. Tuami lênna pen hlaninei mesin ahia, mihing thaneina a, a hlani zap kawm a, lêngthei díngin a na suoidoh hi. Kumzalom 19th hun in, lênna siemmasate(pioneers of avitation) Leonardo lâibu na en kia in, tulâi a helicopterte guong(prototype) pen tammi mesin suoi(design) zuiin a na kisiemkhie uhhi.Leonardi Da Vinci Da Vinci's design for a wing, c. 1488 Da Vinci helicopter prototypeMan in the Moon(Hlapi sunga mipa)Pu Domingo Gonzales – The Man in the Moon(England)England mipil Pu Domingo Gonzales kum 1638 in ‘The Man in the Moon’ Zohâm in Hlapi sunga mipa kichi tângthu khat a na gielkhie hi. Tuami lâibu sungah mipa kat in kângvate hlapi sunga lêngtou dingin a na kizilsah hi. Vâte lêndân, ngate lâmdân entou in mihingte’n hui a lên ding dân a na tuot uhhi.

Hui sânga zângzaw lênna(Lighter - than - air – craft) ItalyKum 1670 in Italy mipil Francesco de Lana-Terzi in hui sânga zângzaw lênna a na ngaituo(propose) masapen hi. Sumsan lum li sung hui hing pawtdoh in tuami lênna a dopkângthei ding dân in a na tuot hi.Francesco de Lana-Terzi's hui sânga zângzaw lênnaMontgolfier Balloon (France)Kum 1783 kum in Joseph Michel leh Jacques Etienne Montgolfier unâu ni in hot air balloon (huisa balun) a na siemdoh uhhi. Meikhu zangin, nâipuon bawm(silk bag) sungah huisa a lutsah uhhi. Tuami nâipuon bawm pen toutheina lawbawm(basket) toh a kikhitha hi. Huisa in a’ng dim chiengin tua ballon pen a lêngtou thei zêl hi. Tuami balloon sungah belam khat, vatawt khat leh âhtal khat a tou a, mêl khat vâl a lêng a, feet 6000 tan sângin a lêngtou hi. Paris khopi ah, November ni 21 ni, kum 1783 in Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier leh Marquis d’Arlandes leitung pumpi a, balloon tunga lêng masapente a suoh uhhi.1799-1850 - George Cayley Lênna masa; Gliders(Lênnate)England mipil Pu George Cayley (1799-1850) pen lênna toh kisai pilna; aerodynamics pa chipen ‘Huikhuo tunga lêntheina leh zintheina Pa’(father of aerial navigation) kichi ahi. Ama’n lênna hla siemdân toh kisai in, sil tampi a na mukhie a, a na bawlkhie hi. A dopkângdân(lift), a khâmna(drag), a mei(tail), a hêhna(rudder), toukâ leh suhkum dânte leh adangdangte a na suidoh hi. Lênna tûhtâhdân(control) zong a na suikhie hi.Kum 1799 kum in hla nei, mei nei, taisahna nei(propulsion), a lâi(fuselage) nei; vânlêng masapen a na suoidoh(design) hi. Kum 1804 kum in lâilêng sûn vânlêng lim khat lawchingtahin na lêngsah hi. Tulâi hun a vânlêng pen tuami guong(configuration) kisûn ahi. Ama’n lênna masapen; Cayley Glider(Cayley Lênna) kichi mesin khat a na siemdoh hi. Tuami Glider ah nâupang khangdawn khat a na lêngsah hi. Kum 50 sung tuami Glider(lênna) a na siempha toutou a, lênna a lên chienga a detna (stability) leh a tanna(balance, equilibrium) dingin a mei(tail) a siem hi. A hla tunga hui a luon na dingin a hla a na siempha hi.Cayley lênnaGlider thaneina kibelap theina dingin, a glider pen hlakui ni(biplane) nei in a siemtha kia hi. Hun sawtpi huikhuo a lêntheina dingin mesin thaneina poimaw ding hi, chi pen a na theidoh hi."On Ariel Navigation" thusuo tungah George Cayley in mihing lênthei dân dingte hichi in a na giel hi. “Lênna hla dettah zangin mesin thaneina toh, a tudet dingin leh a panpi dingin a mei(tail) tamteng in mihing a lêngsah thei ding hi”

Part 2: Kumzalom 19 leh 20 kâl sunga mihing lênsawmna thute Kum 1891 kum in German engineer, Otto Lilienthal in gamlapi tan a, mihing lêntheina glider(lênna) khat a na siemkhie hi. Vâte lênnop dânte a mu, a kuon in, mihing lênthei ding dân tuot in vâte lêndân hâtangtahin a na zil hi. Kum 1889 kum in aerodynamics lâibu khat a na suodoh(publish) hi. Tami lâibu sunga kigiel lênna lam a pilna thusimte zangin Wright Brothers(Unâute ) tegêl in lênna masapen a na siemdoh uhhi. Tuami lênna tunga, 2500 vâl a lên zaw in, kum 1896, August ni 9 in tua lênna a a lên lâitahin, khopihui huoisie mama khat thakhat in a’ng lâng phut a, tua glider(lênna) pen tuoltang dênna’n a na nei a, tuami tuosietna ah Otto Lilienthal na muolliemta hi.

1891 Samuel Langley; Director, Smithsonian Institute,Washington, DC.Samuel Langley kichipa pen ahsisuisiem leh mipil khat a na hihi. Ama’n tuisahu thaneina pie inzin/mesin aerodrome kichi vânlêng lim khat a na siemkhie hi. Kum 1891 kum in mêl kimkhat vâl a lên zaw in, thautui bei ziehin a kie hi.Aerodrome; vânlêng tahtah siemna dingin dollar 50,0000 a nga a, a’ng siem zaw bepin a lênsah sawm leh, tuami vânlêng pen a gih sêngsêng ziehin a kesuh a, a tuohseta hi. Tua zawin, ama pen a lungkiehna toh kidim in lênna lam kichi mawngmawng a tawpsanta hi.Langley Aerodrome LimKum 1894 tuom in, Engineer lawchingtah Octave Chanute khu vânlêng siemdoh dingin a na kipan hi. Lênna lam toh kisai a, Otto Lilienthal in a na sepkhiette a’ng sim zaw a, kuon in, vânlêng siemdoh dingin tha leh zung tampi a na sêng a, tualeh a na kipumpieh hi.Hlakui ni nei (biplane) Herring kichi lênna khat a na suoidoh hi. Lênna lam a khantounate toh kisai thute ‘Progress in Flying Machine’ kichi lâibu khat ah a na suo hi. Wright Unâute’n tami lâibu en kawm in, etkhietnate(experiments) a na nei let uhhi. Chanute leh tua unâute gel pen a na kikumtuo let uh, ahi.

UNITED STATES(AMERICA) GAM LÊNNA A NA KHANLETDÂN Kum 1903: Lênna masapen: Wright UnâuteOrville Wright leh Wilbur Wright Unâute gêl in vânlâi zawl a, lên têitêi ding a na sawm tinten u’a, mihing lênna ding hui sânga gihzaw vânlêng khat siemkhiet ding a na tum tinten uhhi. Lênna lam a mipilna na kimukhe masateng a na sim u’a, tuachiin lênna etkhietna tamtah a na bawl uhhi.Wind tunnel(Huihawm) sungah a hla lim leh a mei lim te a na enkhie let uhhi. Tuachia,North Carolina Outer Bank dunes mun ah, etkhietnate tampi nei zou in, lênna guong(glider shape/design) kituptah a mukhie u’a, tuazaw in, lênna taisah leh dopkângtou ding 12 H.P inzin a zang uhhi.Wright brothers te’n tuol patsa’n Big Kill Devil Hill sahlam ah, zîngmawng nai 10:35, December ni 17, kum 1903 kum in a ‘vânlêng’ pound 650 a gih pen Orville in a hawl a, Kitty Hawk, North Carolina sehnêl muol tungah liveitah a lêngsah hi .Ohio patsa’n tuami vânlêng a na lêngkhie hi. Tuami vânlêng min pen The Flyer na kichi hi. Hui sânga gihzaw lênna(flight) pen seken 12 sungin feet 120 a lêngdoh hi. Tuachiin, Orville pen leitung pumpi a vânlêng hawl masapen a kichi hi. Kum 1903 kum in, leitung mihing pen vânlâi ah na lêngthei hi. Tuami lênna pen hoizaw leh lên siemzaw dingin a lim a guong a hleng toutou u’a, tuachiin October hla kum 1905 in minit 38 vingveng vânlâi ah a lêngsah u’a, mêl 24 gamla a lêngdoh hi. Tuami mesin lêngthei pen USA kumpi kunga a thumvei tah a zua sawm vangun a na ki-opsawn zel uhhi. Europe gam ah a va zuata uh leh zong a lawching tuon sih uhhi.

UNITED STATES(AMERICA) GAM LÊNNA A NA KHANLETDÂN2 February hla kum 1908 in US War Department Wright unâute ngetna toh kizuiin gâldouna zah dingin lênna siem uh heh chiin a na kithukimta uhhi. Kum 1905 kum tawp lam apatsa kum 1908 kipat lam tan; kum 2ni leh a kim, sungteng in tuami lênna lam a mite a’ng lunglut theikhah leh chiin a na tangkou u’a, hinanleh, a na lawsam uhhi.Europe gam ah Wilbur zin a, a lênna siemdoh Flyer lênna lah in a khuol a zin kawikawi hi. Mite’n lamdang a na sa uhhi.US Army te zah ding lênna bawl in Orville pen Europe gam zinthei louin America gam ah a na om a, September hla ni 2 kum 1908 kum in a lênna siem lahna Fort Myer, Virginia mun ah a na nei hi. Tuana kuon in, US Army dingin gâldouna zah ding lênna a na siem masa hi.Tuachia a dinmun op laitahin, mun dang khat ah, lênna lang a, lunglut mama Glen Curtiss leh Alexander Graham Bell(telephone siemdohpa) tegel in Aerial Experiment Association kichi pawl tha khat kum 1907 kum in a na phutkhie uhhi. Tami pawl in lênna tampi khat a na khêng uhhi. Tuate lah a minthang pen khat ahileh; June Bug kichi lênna min nei ahi.CurtissJuly hla ni 4 ni kum 1908 kum in Curtiss in lênna khat mêl khat vâl New York khopi ah mipite muthei dingin a na lêngsah hi. Tuipi tung a lênna tuithei, lêngthei siemna pilna lamsang ah, America mipil Glen Curtiss min a thangpen hi. Ama’n tui tunga tuthei, tu tung patsa lêngkhethei tuilênna kum 1911 in a siemdoh hi.Kum 1911 kum in, Calbraith P. Rodgers in Vin Fiz Flyer kichi lênna hawl(pilot) in, United States gam huop in, New York patsa’n Pasadena, California gam tandong, leitung pumpi simthei dingin, Transcontinental Flight masapen na nei hi. Tuami lên sung pen ni 49 a lut a, mun 69 ah a na khawldam a, mêl 3220 gamla tan a na lêngdoh hi.Harriet Quimby America gam a numei lah a pilot certificat nga masapen ahi.

EUROPE GAM A LÊNNA A NA KHANLETDÂN 1906: Europe gam ah, kum 1906 in, Alberto Santos-Dumont in mesin thaneina toh lêngthei vânlêng, October ni 23 niin a na lêngsah masapen hi.Europe gam a thuthang pote leh thusuo gielte’n tuami lênna lêndoh pen a na mêlchi u’a, mite’n kidang a na sa uhhi.1907-1909: Bleriot XI Monoplane (France)Kum 1907 in Louis Bleriot in monoplane lênna na lêngsah masapen hi.Kum 1909 kum pen lênna pienkhiet pansa leitung pumpi a ding kum thupi mama khat ahi. Bang zieh ahiei? i chi leh, akhatna ah, tuami kum in Louis Bleroit in monoplane ‘XI’ lênna toh English Channel a na kântan zou hi. Tuami hun apatin vânlêng manphatdân Frenchte leh Britishte’n a’ng theikhie uhhi. Anina ah, tuami kum ma-in lênna toh kisai in leitung pumpi kimutuona ‘The first International Air Meet’ kichi France gam Reims khopi ah a na om hi. Europe gam leh America gam a, lênna na siem masate pawlkhatte a va tel uhhi. Wright unâute tuami kimutuona ah a tel sih uhhi. Tuami kimutuona ah lênna 40 vâl a zao hi. Europe gamkaiteng in lênna pen thupi tahin khawl lien zangin na siem panta uhhi. Ahi’nlah, lênna pienna gam; US ah, khut leh bântha zangin lênnate a na kisiem nalâi uhhi.Bleriot XILa France Huikuong(France)Dei banga kiheithei huikuong ‘airship’ masapen ‘La France’ kichi pen Renard leh Krebs in kum 1884 in a na khêng uhhi. A suadân 14 1/2 mph ahi giap hi.La France HuikuongGraf Zeppelin Huikuong Airship(Germany)Germany gam a kisiemkhie; huikuong lawching pen khat ahileh; Graf Zeppelin a kichi a, tua pen Zeppelin Company in a na siemkhiet ahi. Tua company in, kum 1900 leh 1936 kikâl sungin huikuong chi tuomtuom nempi a na bawlkhie hi. Khuolzinna lam a, gamlapi mun dong mite polele thei vânlêng a na kisiemkhieh masang peh in, Zeppelin company in, America gam tungthei huikuong a na bawl a, September hla kum1928 in Atlantic tuikângpi tungah na lêng hi. Tua huikuongte zangin Europe gam, America gam sahlam leh simlam tan chieng dongin mite puo in huikuong 1928 apatin 1938 tandong a na lêngsah hi.1910: Tuilênna masa ‘First Seaplane - Henri Fabre (France)March 28, Kum 1910, March ni 28 ni’a tuilênna Hydravion kichi Martigues, France gam a, na lêng masapen ahileh French mipil Henri Fabre in a na siemdoh ahi.Fabre's Hydravion called "Le Canard"Vickers Gunbus (England)Kum 1914 tan in lênna pen gam vânna chilou gâldouna in na kizang pha nai sih hi.Tuitaw gâl(WWI) a’ng khanlet dungzuiin vânlêngte thâute, bomte leh bomlêngte toh a’ng kithuota hi. England gam ah mihing 250,000 te’n gâldouna díngin na na sêm in, kum khat sungin vânlêng 30,000 vâl a na kisiemkhie uhhi.

Vickers Gunbus

A Critical Study of Suantak genealogies as recorded by different authors in connection with the Tungdims’ origin from Ngengu son of Suantak.

I) Suantak Clan: Its internal contradictions with regards to its pedigree.
The Chin Hills Vol.I of 1894 (reprinted in1932) after Page 38 gives a chart of the Geneaology of Thuantak/Suantak. Thuantak(Suantak) beget Neyan, Neyan beget i) Ne Nu(NgeNgu) ii)Vamlok iii) Daitong. NeNu beget Lamtam, Lamtam beget Neyal, Neyal beget Tatmun. The genealogical tree of Suantak is reproduced below:-
Thuantak(Suantak)[1 son only) ↓
Neyan
↓ i) NeNu(NgeNgu) ii)Vamlok iii) Daitong
↓
NeNu
↓ Lamtam
↓
Neyal
↓
Tatmun
According to The Chin Hills Vol.I by Carey and Tuck, page 127, it describes thus; Suantak beget Neyan of Cîmnuoi, Neyan beget 3(three) sons viz; NeNu, Vamlok(Vanglok) and Daitong . These three sons left Cîmnuoi and they migrated towards the east and they founded the villages of Limkhai and Suantak. Ne Nu(Ngengu) had one son named Lamtam who lived in Suantak village founded by his father Ngengu and his uncle Daitong. Ne Nu(NgeNgu) is the progenitor of the clan designated as the Siyin(Sizâng) tribe who are descendents of Suantak clan. Lamtam’s youngest son Neyal moved from Suantak village and founded Khosak(Koset) village.
II)Discrepancies in the pedigree of Suantak and Ngengu lineages
1) Suantak Line Discrepancies:
According to Carey and Tuck in the Chin Hills Vol.I 1894, page 127; it is recorded that Thuantak(Suantak) beget only 1(one) son; Neyan. Neyan beget NeNu, Vamlok(Vanglok) and Daitong. NeNu(Ngengu) beget only 1(one) son called Lamtam.
According to genealogical tree of Zomi Chin Race by Vum Ko Hau (a Siyin/Sizâng tribe and speaker) in his ‘The Profile of a Burma Frontier man’(1963, Bandung) gives the Suantak lineage as follows:- Suantak beget 4(four) sons viz: i) Ngengu ii) Neilut iii) Daitong iv) Vanglok(Vangluah). Ngengu beget 6(six) sons viz: i) Boklu ii) Lamtam iii) Khawkuan iv) Tungnung v) Naltal vi) Phiamphu.
Suantak(4 sons)
↓
i) Ngengu ii) Neilut iii) Daitong iv) Vanglok(Vangluah)
↓
i) Boklu ii) Lamtam iii) Khawkuan iv) Tungnung v) Naltal vi) Phiamphu.
According to B.Lalthangliana in ‘History of Mizo in Burma’ M.A Thesis, Mandalay University, 1975, he describes the pedigree of Suantak as given below:- Suantak(Thuantak) beget 4(four) sons viz:- i) Ngengu ii) Neilut iii) Daitong iv) Vanglok.
Ngengu(Ne Nu) beget 6(six) sons viz:- i) Boklua ii) Lamtam iii) Khuakuan iv) Tungnung v) Nantal vi) Phucil(Phuthil).
Here there is no mention of Phiamphu, Tunglut and Tungte clans as given above.
Suantak(4 sons)
↓
(i)Ngengu (ii) Neilut (iii) Daitong (iv) Vanglok
↓
(i) Boklua ii) Lamtam iii) Khuakuan iv) Tungnung v) Nantal vi) Phucil
The genealogy of Sailo chiefs as given by Dr. Vumson in Zo History(1995) page 65, is an extract from the above book. The Sailos are believed to have descended from Boklua.
The ‘Tungnung Khangsimna Laibu’ 2008 A.D gives a slightly differing line of descent from Suantak. The ‘Tungnung Khangsimna Laibu’ 2008 A.D gives the genealogical line of Suantak as given follows:-
Suantak beget 6(six) sons viz: i) Ngengu ii) Neilut iii)Hinnung iv) Nunzong v) Daitawng and
vi) Vanglok.
It goes on to describe that Ngengu beget 8(eight) sons viz: i) Boklua ii) Lamtam iii) Khawkuan iv) Tungnung v) Nantal vi) Phuthil vii) Tunglut and viii)Tungte.
The pedigree of Lamtam in such a way that; Batkai as the first born of Lamtam, Neizalh is the second son of Lamtam and Limtuang as the third son of Lamtam.
Suantak(6 sons)
↓
i) Ngengu(8 sons) ii) Neilut iii)Hinnung iv) Nunzong v) Daitawng and vi) Vanglok.
↓
i) Boklua ii) Lamtam iii) Khawkuan iv) Tungnung v) Nantal vi) Phuthil vii) Tunglut and
viii)Tungte.
Lamtam
↓ i) Batkai ii) Neizalh iii) Limtuang

The first pedigree of Suantak genealogy is given by Tungnung Khangsimna Laibu is exactly similar to the one described by Pu Th. Songtinlam in his extract from his Seminar paper on ‘Unau Kut Seminar’ held at Ngathal on 9th December 2000. The first line of descent is same in both cases that is Suantak beget 6(six) sons. Whereas in case of Lalthangliana’s Suantak line of pedigree says that Suantak beget only 4(four) sons, the number coincides with Pu Vum Ko Hau’s description of Suantak lineage.

2. Ngengu Line Discrepancies: According to Carey and Tuck, Ngengu beget only 1(one) son; Lamtam. According to Pu Songtinlam, Ngengu beget 5(five) sons viz: i) Bawklua ii)Lamtam iii) Tungnung iv) Nantal v) Phucil.
The Tungnung Khangsimna Laibu describes that Ngengu beget 8(eight) sons of Ngengu. The number of Ngengu’s descendants at times tally as in the case of Pu Vum Ko Hau and Pu B. Lalthangliana who stated that Ngengu beget 6 (six) sons respectively but the names of the descendants differ slightly in serial numbers 5 and 6 wherein Phiamphu appeared suddenly in place of Phucil of Lalthangliana’s and Vumson’s descriptions. The number of Ngengu’s descendants also agree in case of Tungnung Khangsimna Laibu and Pu Songtinlam’s description, however, the second line of the pedigree of Ngengu descendants are totally different in the above line of descent in all cases . Therefore, there occurrences of so many discrepancies in the pedigree of Suantak and Ngengu genealogies as described by the above scholars leads to skepticism about the genuineness of Suantak genealogy. Perhaps, no one will be able to find out the actual number of sons Ngengu beget.
A) Are the Tungdims/Tungnungs really descended from Ngengu son of Suantak ? Firstly, let us discuss the Suantak(Thuantak) genealogy as recorded by the two British rulers; Carey and Tuck, who recorded that Pu Suantak had only one son named Neyal. Different authors of various Suantak genealogies give differing views about the pedigree of Suantak clan and Ngengu, thereby giving rise to internal contradictions and discrepancies in the number of progenies or offsprings.
The fact that the various discrepancies are found in the Suantak genealogies written by different authors leads towards lost of authenticity with regards to its correct lineage as such. It is difficult to find out which one is more genuine and which one is not, is left to the persons of interest in this genealogy to decide as one thinks fit as per one's conveniences. In this type of situation, one is mentally weaned away from accepting the genuiness of Tungdim’s/Tungnung’s direct descent from Suantak.
Secondly, the Tungdims are originally Zo speakers. Therefore, the present Tungdim Tulpipa is a Zo speaker, meaning thereby, the Tungdims were not under any subjugation of local warlords(Tou kailoute). No doubt, some Tungdim families had wandered away to other villages in search of better livelihood or in course of tribal conflicts or some other factors. So, in this way some of the Tungdim families might have reached Sizang village in course of time they settled there and intermarried with the Sizang girls. Several years after their dispersion due to various factors, some Tungdim families began to adopt the culture and language of their neighbouring people such as Sizang/Siyin or Tedim/Teizang people.
The genealogical tree of Zomi-Chin Race by Vum Ko Hau (a Siyin/Sizâng tribe and speaker) in his ‘The Profile of a Burma Frontier man’(1963, Bandung) in which he gives the Tungnung and Naltal(Nantal) lineage as belonging to Suantak’s son Ngengu. Pu Vum Ko Hau being himself a Sizang speaker at the time of writing Suantak genealogy must have included the Tungdims since, they were related through intermarriages for several years and they were closely living with the Sizang people. One cannot fully accept his theory of Suantak origin of Tungdims because it has many flaws in the genealogical records. The greatest flaw in Pu Vum’s genealogy of Suantak with regards to the Tungdims is the pedigree assigned to the great legendary heroes of the Tungdim clans i.e Pu Nantal and Pu Phuthil.

In his theory of Suantak clan, he has placed these two legendary heroes of the Tungdims well below Tungnung, which of course, is contrary to the genealogical records of the Tungdim clan head. It is a well-known fact, that the legend of Pu Nantal and Pu Phuthil does not pertain to the Zo speakers alone, it is quite widespread amongst the Kuki-Chin people as a whole. Its widespread and its antiquity itself could be taken as enough proof that these two heroes lived long ago, very much before the origin of clan names(Pu Phunghawm was said to have distributed the major clan names) amongst the Kuki-Chin people. I would probably date the legend of these two heroes to the year not later than 9th century A.D; 800 to 900 A.D. Whereas, Pu Suantak and his sons are said to have established his first village sometime in the year 1450 A.D after leaving Cîmnuoi village. Pu Suantak probably is the contemporary of Pu Saiza and Pu Saikop of Tungdim families.
For the very same reasons, the theories of Suantak origin of the Tungdims(Tungnung, Nantal and Phucil, Tungte) failed completely, as found recorded in Pu. B.Lalthangliana’s ‘History of Mizo in Burma’ 1975, the ‘Tungnung Khangsimna Laibu’ 2008 A.D, Rev. T.K. Thawng Khaw Nang Golden Jubilee Booklet,February 1991 and Pu Th. Songtinlam’s paper 9th Dec.2000. Another unaccountable view of his genealogy is the presence of Phiemphu clan after Tungnung and Nantal(Naltal). It is a fact that the Phiemphu clans who are living in the Chin Hills of Myanmar and India who speak Zo language do not subscribe to his theory of Suantak origin in genealogical line of descent. Phiemphu families might have been perhaps, enculturated in course of time by the Sizang people, therefore, their presence in this genealogy of Suantak. Therefore, positioning of the Tungdims in the genealogical record of Suantak by Pu Vum Ko Hau seriously suffers much flaws from chronological and hierarchical points of view.

B) Evidences from the Genealogy of Suantah Dopmul as recorded by the Zo speakers:
i) Suantah Dopmul Khangsimna published by Zangduang Suantah Dopmul Phungpi, Khampat, Myanmar 20/2/2000.
According to this booklet prepared by the Zo speaking Suantah Dopmul clans as found on page 1 the genealogy of Suantah is given as follows: Suantah beget Suanzo, Suanzo beget Neilut, Neilut beget Neikeng, Neikeng beget Lamkeng, Lamkeng beget Lam-el, Lam-el beget Dopmul. Dopmul beget Mulpi, Hawlhang, Kunhen, Hanthual and Guizo. They acknowledged the eldership of Neilut-Mulpi line of descent which is the third pedigree from Suantah as opposed to Ngengu who is considered as the eldest son of Suantah by speakers languages other than Zo/Zou language. Suantah had 3(three) siblings viz: Suante, Galte and Setah. Suanzo being the first born son of Suantah. Suanzo’s younger sibling is Baite. Suanzo beget 2(two) sons viz: i) Neilut and ii) Ngengu. Neilut is elder to Ngengu. There is no mention of Lamtam, Khuokuon, Tungnung, Nantal, Phuthil etc.
ii) Suantah Suan leh Hah khangsutna by Kaikhohau 1973, reprinted 1994 India published by Khupsuanpau Chief of Khullien village and President Suantah Phungpi Organization Manipur. According to this book at page 10, the genealogy of Suantah begins with Pu Zo. Suantah beget Neilut, Neilut beget Neizo, Neizo beget Genzo, Genzo beget Muonmul, Muonmul beget Mulpi, Hawlhang, Kunhen, Hanthual and Guizo. Neilut beget Neizo, Nemneng and Thangsoi. Neilut’s elder brother Ngengu. They consider Neilut is their elder. There is no mention of Tungnung, Nantal, Phuthil.

iii) Suontah Dopmul Phungpi by S.D.Suon Gin Hang, Chairman, Suontah Dopmul Phungpi (Tedim) Chin State, Myanmar gives Suontah genealogy as follows: Suontah beget Neilut and Ngengu Neilut beget Neizo, Neizo beget Dopmul Dopmul beget Mulpi, Hanthaul, Guizo, Hawlhang, Kunhen There is no mention of Tungnung and Tungdim in this genealogy too. Are these not enough evidences or descriptions to prove that Tungdims do not belong to Suantah-Ngengu clan ? The genealogical tree as described in the book ‘A Profile of Burma Frontier Man’ by Vum Ko Hau 1963 A.D, was published about 69 years after the Chin Hills Vol.I of 1894 A.D and the ‘Zo Suan Khangsimna Laibu’ by Capt. Khup Za Thang was published in 1973 A.D after a lapse of about 80 years. During such long interval of time, no oral tradition has ever made any passing reference that Tungnung, Tungdim,Tungte, Phiemphu were descended from Suantak or Ngengu clan. Our elders have failed to even made any casual references of our descent from Suantak clan. Had there been some element of same genealogical pedigree, it would have been recorded orally by our elders and younger generations would have heard the same so far. While, we generally accept the oral traditions of our elders passed down from our forefathers, it is to be noted here, that whatever, Carey and Tuck had recorded also must been passed down by way of oral traditions by the informers who also might have been belonging to Suantak descendants or clans. Had the theories of Capt. Khup Za Thang, Dr. Vum Ko Hau and other authors pointing the origin of Tungnung, Tungdim, Phuthil and Nantal towards Suantak-Ngengu line of descent have been true to oral traditions, they(Carey &Tuck) could not have missed these finer points of oral genealogy or lineage which is passed down from generations to generations by word of mouth by our forefathers. It is pertinent to mention here that the descendant of the Tungdim Tulpipa himself had recorded the oral traditions of the genealogical tree of the Tungdim, Tungnung, Tunglut and Tungte and other sub-clans which has a passing reference in the biography of his late father Peter Thangkhokam published in 2006. In this genealogy of Tungdim clans, he has not made any mention of Suantak-Ngengu lineage at all based on oral traditions of their clan historian; Pu Semzakhup who was 115 years old then in 1998 A.D.

Every tribe or clan have certain ancient Zo customary law and traditions in their society. Each and evry clan or tribe respects certain cultural traditions esp; the oral traditions and incantations and clan songs. In this line of thought, it is quite important to note that Pu Semzakhup alongwith other patriarchs of Tungdim clans did not made any mention of Suantak-Ngengu line of Tungdim, Tungnung’s descent in the recent past or in ancient past. The fact that Tungnung, Tungdim etc are not Suantak clan is further corroborated by the ancient Zo customary law and traditions of giving the salu or saching ‘the head or the spine of a wild game or domestic animal to the eldest clan head called Tulpipa.
The penultimate conclusions about the Tungnung, Tungdim etc are not of direct Suantak lineage or descent is traced to the practice and usage of our ancient Zo customary laws and traditions of our forefathers; that in the past history and recent history of the existence of Tungdim, Tungnung, Tunglut, Tungte etc there is not a single evidence based on oral or written record that the Tungdim Tulpipa or the Tungdims ever presented the customary ‘salu’ or ‘saching’ to the elder of Suantak clan(Suontah Tulpipa).

Conclusions:
At the time of Carey and Tuck, it was quite possible to assume that there might have been better qualified oral traditionalists who were well-versed in genealogies of their own clans and society as interviewed by them. The data collected by them would have been more objective in a sense, that there were no literate persons of the Kuki-Chin society, at those given point of history as evidenced by records, therefore, we may safely assume that their versions are unbiased and pure in form and intent.
Later day versions of Suantak genealogies were written with the arrival of writing system in the Chin Hills, here we find too many discrepancies of the Suantak or Nge Ngu genealogies as described by different authors and there is no single agreement in the case of genealogical descriptions as written by various authors, which of course, are hard to believe as genuine genealogies or a single genealogy itself is susceptible to much debate or criticisms.
The Dopmul clan may have been Suantak’s descendant but Dopmul is not Suantak in true sense of nomenclature and christening. It is a well-known fact, that the Dopmul clan in Churachandpur district of Manipur state, India, were using the clan name; Dopmul as late as 1990s, however, they didnot like the terminology of Dopmul and so they adopted the name of Suantak thereby Suantaknising(Sanskritising) themselves into the name of a bigger clan name. However, the author had interviewed some Dopmul clans of Myanmar, it was found that the same Dopmul clans in Myanmar(Burma) still called themselves by the same clan name disregarding the Suantaknization process(read with Sanskritization process).
Evaluating the above facts and findings, the prevalence of too many discrepancies in the Suantak genealogies as given by various authors, one can safely conclude that Tungnung, Tungdim, Tunglut, Phiemphu etc are not direct descendants of Suantak as claimed by some authors. Thus, Suantaknization process in the past, might have been responsible for such misleading genealogies. However, we are certainly related to Suantak clans at a higher genealogical pedigree that is at the level of Pu Songthu, Pu Songza and Pu Zahong. That is to say we are all the same, same brethren at higher level of pedigree in the ancient past. We are definitely the descendants of our common progenitor Pu Zo/Zou.

HINNANEITE KHANKHIETZIE

(Evolution of living things)
Translated into Zohâm/Zokam
by Philip Thanglienmang M.A(Linguistics)

Leisiet tunga hinna hing piendân a kigên chiengin ngaidân tuomtuom a om a, thusim leh tuotdân dangdang a om hi. Tuate pawlkhat tam aneiah ka’ng tâlang ding hi.
1. Hinnaneiloute patsa thakhatthu a hinna pien thusim(hypothesis spontaneous generation)
Sâintist pawlkhat in hinna kichi pen hinnaneiloute(abiogenesis) pansa hing kuondoh ahi a na chi uhhi. Lungnoute leh thante pen ganta siluong tunga pansa hing pieng ahi chiin na gingta uhhi. Ngaluloh pen buonnawi leh buol veiden lah apat a hing pieng dânin na ngaisut uhhi. Kum 1668 in Francesco Redi in lungnoute, thante leh thoute pen thousite’n gantasite luong tunga a tûi uh, a thah zieh u’a hing piengkhie ahi, chiin na mudoh hi. Tua ahimanin, tam banga hinnaneite hing piendân thusim pen tuni’n a kipomthei nawnta sih a, a kipâimangta hi.
2. Tunglam thaneitu siemna thusim(hypothesis of special creation): Kum 150 vel peisa hun laiin, tunglam a thaneitu khat in hinnaneite a thaneina toh thakhat a bangmalou apata na siemkhie hi, chiin na kigingta hi. Ahivangin, tuni’n tam thusim pen sâins khantouna toh kizuiin mi tampite’n a kipomta sih hi.
3. Vanlam apata hinna chi leitung a hing kiehsuhna thusim(cosmozoic generation): Vannei mong lam patsa hing kipan hinna chi leitung ah hing kesuh in, tuachia hinnaneite hing pieng ahi, na chi pawlkhat na om hi. Mipil pawlkhatin âhsi lêngte(comets) pata hinna hing kipan ahi chiin a um uhhi. Tuni’n tami thusim pen a kipomta sih hi.
4. Hinnaneilou patsa hinnanei piendân thusim(Oparin’s Abiotic Theory )
Kum 4.8 billion peisa tuom in leisiet(Planet_Earth=leitang, leitung) na pieng ahi. Khangluisuonglim kimudohte sunga tulâi a, bacteria omte toh kisun sim tampite pen kum 3.3 billion a, upa(old) khangluisuonglimte tungah na kimudoh hi. Thûhta mai in gêlta lei pen, Nipihuong(solar system) ah, huisa mama nempite in nipi kuolkip in a na kipeipei hi. Nipihuong pen atom chituomtuom tampi kihalte khu huisa mama bawlung lum bangin vannei mong khat ah nipi kimkot in a na kipeipei leh kiviel den uhhi. Nipihuong sunga huisa leh leivui a na kivielviel chiengun, hunkhat zouin, a na khing simta uhhi. Tuachia a na khin(vot) sim chiengun, leitang(leisiet) lum lim leh mêl in a na kilumkhawm u’a, tuachiin leisiet lumte in a na kilang u’a, tuate khu solte(planets) a kichi hi.
Leitung(leisiet) zong solte lah a sol chikhat ahi. Tuachiin, leitung lâilung pen radioactive elementte nempi om ahimanin, a’ng khin chiengun, husa nempi a’ng pieng a, muolpâwh(volcano) tampi na pieng hi.
Vannei ah atom neupente lah ah hydrogen atom(H) a tampen hi. Hydrogen atom pen atom hal(active) mama ahiziehin, silbangkim teng toh kigawmthei, kihalthei leh kichimathei ahiziehin, Oxygen(O2) atom toh a’ng kichimat chiengin tûi(túi)(H2O) a’ng suoh hi. Nitrogen toh a’ng kichimat chiengin Ammonia(NH3) a suoh hi. Carbon toh hydrogen a’ng kichimat chiengin Methane(CH4) a’ng suoh hi. Tuachiin, leisiet pen na sa mama ahiziehin, tui pen tui maimai in a na omthei nâi sih a, a sat sêng sêng ziehin huikhuo ah tuihu na suoh paipai in na lêngmang thang let uhhi.
Pu Oparin - gêndân in, leisiet nâupanlâi in, a huikhuo sungah tuihu(water vapour), ammonia(NH3), leh methane(CH4) na om masapen uhhi. Chemical activityte na sua mama ahimanin atomte pen molecule tuomtuomte leh zat tampi na suoh zel uh ahi chiin a ngaisut hi. Suong tunga beh silicon, aluminium leh sia te pen oxygen toh na kichimat bai mama zel uhhi. Tuni’n zong singkungte patsa’n photosynthesis ziehin oxygen hing pawt sih leh, leitung a oxygen om zousie pen suongte toh kichimat in a beisiengta ding hi. Sâlevot(temperature) sâng mama ahimanin, tua hun lâiin, chemical reaction ziehin carbon toh dim moleculete chipen ‘simple organic silte’ na piengzou thamta va chiin a gingta hi.
Methane(CH4), Ammonia(NH3), leh Tui(H2O) in Alcohol(C2H5OH) ahilouleh Amino Acid(C2H5O2N) kisiemna díngin atomte na poimaw hi. Tua banga complex chemical silte siemna ding husa pen leitung husa leh kawlphemei(lightning) a patsa a hing kipan hi va chiin a kigingta hi. Kum tampi peizou chiengin tuikângpi, dîl leh buol ah tam organic moleculete vei in tuisa dâm veiden(hot thin soup) bangin a’ng omta hi. Tua amino acidte leh carbohydrate neute a’ng kigawmkhawm toutou chiengun organic macromolecule golte(polypeptides) na suoh zel hi. Tuate khu hinnanei chikhat na suoh hiva chithu a gen ahi.
Tuachiin, hinnaneilou apatin hinnanei na piengdoh ahi, a chi hi. Virus pen hinnaneilou ganhing chikhat ahi chithei ahi. Aziehpen, hinnanei cell khat tunga a’ng tuh chiengin ama in hinna a’ng neipan ahihi. Virus chini a khenthei ahi; RNA puo virus leh DNA puo virus. Singkung leh louhing viruste pen RNA puo zât ahi. Ganhing viruste pen DNA puo zât ahihi. Leitung hinnanei zousien chi tungah DNA ahilouleh RNA beh teitei ahi. DNA and RNA pen nucleic acidte ahibou hi. Deoxyribonucleic acid leh Recombinant nucleic acid china ahihi. DNA pen hinna siemna lim neupen ahihi. Hinna siemdân díng pen DNA sungah a om hi.
Tuaziehin, hinna kichi pen tuikangpi mong lam, buonnawi leh buonman opna mun khat patsa khanglui hun sawtpi laia, mun lem khat a, hinna molecule suongnu sungpan a na piengkhie hikha va chithu pen thusînna in a nei hi. Pasien in hinna khu leisiet pansa a na siem kichi khu a dih ma hileh kilawm hi.

Thumakâi(Introduction)
Lamarck leh Darwin in hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim a na suokhietdoh uh khu thutha a hisih a, khanglui lâi Romante, Greekte, Chinese, leh Muslimte in na mêlchi peh uh a na hi a, hinnaneite pen a khang a khang a, na kikhêl gige hichi thu pen mipilte’n a na theisa uh ahi. Ahivangin, tam bang thute na thei mana’nleh uh zong tualai hun a, ngâidân leh tuotdânte na omsate leh na kitheisate toh kidêhzou lou a nahi ziehin, tuami ngaituonate leh thusimte pen na piching zou lou suoh ahi. Sâins lamsang ah suichientheina chientah, suithûhna kitûptah na omlou ahimanin, tua bang tuotdân leh ngaisutna pen na lawching thei lou ahibou hi. Lai Siengtho sunga na kigielsa mihing kisiemdân khu zong dêhzou guol na hilou hi.









Lamarck leh Khankhietzie
Jean Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829) pen Paris khopi a Botany Professor minthang khat na hihi. Ama’n ‘Philosophic Zoologique’ laibu sungah Darwin thusim hing pien ma-in kumzalom 19 bul lam in, hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim na gen masapen ahi. Tua pen Lamarkism chiin a kithei hi. Tami thusim in hinnaneite lim leh mêl kikhêldânte( transmutation of species) hilchienna na a nei hi. Tuami thusim pen hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim kipulah masapen a suoh hi.
Lamarck gêndân in, gamléi leh buolna(environment) in hinnaneite tungah thunei nempi a nei hi, a na chi hi. Hinnanei khat in a chîn ngai khat a chîn gige a, a tahsa hieng khat a zah zing tua tahsa hieng pen kikhêlthei ahi. Tua tahsa hieng a zah gige a, ahileh, a tahsa lim leh mêl puohzie zong kikhêllamdang thei ahi. Tua banga kikhêlnate pen a hlâh a suonte tungah kipesawnthei ahi, chiin a na hil hi. Tuami tahsan hiengte a kizah mun leh tuate pen kikhêllamdangthei ahi a chi hi. Tua lou a, a kizah mun sih leh pen tuate pen hâtmaw sêmsêm in, tualeh zoi deudeu in hun sawtpi zaw chienga mangthâithei ahi, a na chi hi.
Tua bang pienzie kikhêlnate sunga pienzie lâhsawnte pen a khang a khang a chihlâhthei ahi, chi’n na gên hi. Tam bang pienzie lâhsawn (Inheritance of acquired characters ) a’ng nei chiengin a hlâh a suonte tungah a pesawn dinga a khangkhang in tam bang pienzie(trait) a neita ding uhhi, chiin na hil hi.
Gêntêna in, sangawngsâng(giraffe) ngawngtom(short-necked) khat in singkung saang a nâtâte a nêh sawm chiengin a ngawngtom khu a sâusah sawm zing dínga, a dohtou gige let dínga, a kêngte zong a kidohtou gige dínga, hun sawtpi zaw chiengin a ngawngtom leh a kêngtom pen khu ama thu in, a’ng sâuzawta díng hi, chiin a na gên hi. Sangawngsâng ngawngtom dente pen nâtâte bânpha zoulou ahimanun nêh díng mu zoulou in, a sigamta díng uhhi. A ngawngsâute pen nêh muzou ahi ziehun hlâh leh suonte tampite in tua pienzie lâhsawnte(acquired traits) a nei díng uhhi. Tuachi mabangin, gamléi leh buolna(environment) zil dungzuiin, gûlte zong a tahsa uh a sânsân na ziehun a tahsa uh sâu lawdoh ahia, singhawm suonghawm a kithothol gige zieh un, a kêngte uh a zang manta sih u’a, tuachi hun sawtpi zou chiengin a kêngte uh a mangthangta hi, a chi hi. Tuama bangin, chiâte zong léihawm, léinéi sunga busa den zing uh, ahimanun, a mit un khuo a mutheita sih uhhi. Tuivate zong tui a ngapngap ziehun, a kêngkâhte u’ah, kêng vunkibet(webbed feet) omta uhhi.

Lamarck thusim toh kizuiin mipil Pu Weismann ta bang pienzie lâhsawn pen a dih leh dihlou etkhietna dingin khang 20 tuom zu mei a na tansan hi. Tua banga khang 20 tuom zu mei a na tansan nua in zong tuami zu hlâh leh suonte’ mei pen tuntawng tuon sih a, tualeh a tom tuon sih hi. Siakhêngpa thapem gol pen sia a sâtsât na zieha thapem gol ahia, a hlâh leh suonte tuami thapem gol pen a pesawnthei tuon sih a, a lasawn thei tuom sih uhhi. Tua bangin Lamarck thusim pen a gen bangin a om gige tuon sih a, tua ziehin Lamarck thusim pen lâhtâhlou a na suohta hi.






Charles Darwin leh Khankhietzie(Evolution)
Tu kum February ni 12 ni pen Charles Robert Darwin pien kum a kum 200(zani) chin kum ahihi. Tua ziehin, leitung pumpi dínga a na pieh goumanpha; hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim (Theory of Evolution of living things) i minam sungah kitheichien leh chia ka’ng lêdoh ahi.
Charles Robert Darwin?-- (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) English hinnanei lam toh kisai mipil (naturalist) ahi.
Charles Darwin kichi hinnanei lam a mipil pen Shrewsbury, England gam ah mitêngthei mineizou innsung pan a na piengkhie ahi. Apa Dr. Robert na hia, a nu Susannah Wedgwood na hihi. Charles Darwin kum 8(giet) a phâh in a nu in a na muolliemsan hi. Anu si nua in, a pa leh a sanggam numeite’n a na enkoltou uhhi. Suohte etkol kawm in, inn nuomtah ah a na khanglien hi. Leisietsuimi(geologist) Adam Sedgwick(1785-1873) leh hinnanei lam a mipil John Stevens Henslow tegel pilna siemna mukhie in, ama ngaituonate tanpha a na tongkha(happen to influence) mama hi. John Henslow toh kipawl in, sisa hinnanei khanglui silte a na khawmton gel hi.

Kum 16 a chin kum 1825 kum in, Edinburgh, Scotland gam ah a pa’n doctor a na zilsah hi. Ahivangin, ama pen tua langah a lunglut sih hi. Tua hun laia, mi ki-âtte a mu chiengin a chimul a kilîng let hi. A peipidânte uh gum sêng a sah ziehin doctor zilna pen ngaisah lou in pen kum 1827 in a tawpsanta hi. Apa in theology zil dingin Cambridge ah kum 1828 in a na khumlut hi. Darwin pen tuipi ganhing chinguneiloute(marine invertebrates) suichien dingin Cambridge University in hinnalam pilna suidoh in a sawl hi.

Kum 1798 kum in Pu Thomas Malthus in Essay on the Principles of Population kichi laibu khat na suo hi. Ganhingte leh louhingte pen hlâh leh suon pung nuom mama hinnaneite ahi chiin na gên hi. Ama’n a hildân in, mihingte mising pen kum 25 chin chiengin, nêh leh tâhte a kitâhsap sih leh, a leni in a pung let díng uhhi, chiin a na phuong hi. Kum 1838 kum in Pu Darwin tuami laibu na sim a kuon in, thugûh khat a na theikhie hi. Tuami thu pen bang ahiei ? i chi leh, nêh leh tâhte a kiningchin pou a, nat leh sat a op si’a ahileh, hinnaneite pun huoisietdân a’ng mudoh a, a’ng theikhie hi.

Kikhêlna, kikhêllamdanna leh kihlenna khu gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuia Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) in a lampui ahi chiin a’ng theikhie hi. Tuachiin, Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) peidân(process) a’ng theichien dohta hi. Nêh leh tâhte muzou hinnaneite pen a dam sawt u’a, hlâh leh suon tampi nei un, a pienzie deihuoite a tâte tungah a chihlâh uhhi. Kikhêlna (i.genetic variation ii. variation )khu a kin sih a, a awl a, hun sawtpi lut ahibou hi. Khangluisuonglimte((fossils) patsa in tam thute a kitheithei hi. Khankhietzie tungtawn a lim leh kikhêllamdanna(Mutation) pen Kihinkhawina tungpan in a pieng hi.Tam banga kihinkhawite pen a pung deudeu u’a, a pienzie hoite uh a’ng tam sêmsêm a, tuachiin, hinnanei chituomte hing piengkhie uhhi. Tam bang kikhêlna khu Branching ahisihleh Speciation kichi ahi. Tam bangma in mihingte zong zawng leh ngâute(apes) patsa na pielkhie hlâh leh suonte ahi, a chi hi.


Mihing khankhietzie limlah
(Zawng leh Ngâu mihinga hing kikhêlna limlah)

Natural Selection(kihinkhawina): Amasapen in hinnaneite khankhietzie bang ahiei ? chi i theithei nadíngin Natural Selection kichi gênchien sawm va ui. Hinnaneite tungpan a chihlâhthei pienzie deihuoite(favorable heritable traits) a hlâh leh a suonte tung pansa khang tampi peizou a, khumi pienzie deihuoite hing pung leh tam sêmsêm dinmun a dinna leh chî(gene) dangdangte a’ng pien zieha pienzie deihuoiloute hing kiem suh sêmsêm khu Natural Selection kichi ahi. Tami ziehin hinnanei chikhat zâtkhat pen a’ng pung sêmsêm a, mun leh gam a’ng luodim uhhi. Gamlei leh buolna lemtan zieh leh puohzou zieha hinnaneite kihinkhawina khu Natural Selection ahi. Zohâm a Kihinkhawina chiin i minvaw díng uhhi.

Darwin; HMS Beagle têmbaw tung pan a Galápagos tuikuolgamte a khuolzinna Kum 5 vingveng HMS Beagle têmbaw tungah tuong kawikawi in Pacific ocean tuikângpi sunga om Galápagos tuikuolgam(island) tampite a va vê kuolkuolta hi.
Tuami khuolzin sungin, leisiet piendân(geology) Charles Lyell lâibu a sim suohzaw in, leisiet hing piendân, leisiet khangluidân, leisiet pienthu leh tângthu thusim tampi a’ng theikhie hi. Kumzalom 18th lai hun in leisietsiem(geologist) te’n leitung pen kum sângtul sânga khangluiza leh upazaw ahi chi pen a theikhie u’a, Bible in a gên sânga zong upazaw tham lou in, leitung pen a hun dungzuia a lim leh mêl kikhêl zêl a na hilam a theikhie uhhi. Pasienzilmite(theologians) ngaisut banga thakhatthu kikhêl ahi sih hi,chi khu a theidoh uhhi. Khangluisuonglim(fossil) tampite zong a na kitoukhedoh a, muthei dingin mun tuomtuom apatin na kisuichien zou hi. Tuachiin, suongte in khanglui lai hun a hinnaneite lim leh mêl record in na kisim hi.
Galápagos tuikuolgam khat leh tuikuolgam dangdangte tunga têng vanêzum(finch)te pen a mêl a puom uh, a tuompien chiet in a theikhie hi. Darwin vanêzum nam 13(sawm leh thum) tah a na mukhie hi. South America gam a, a mu ngaisa vanêzum chikhat hlâhte kibang sa in, lamdang a sa hi. A nêzum leh a puom uh a etkâh chiengin a tuompien sim chiet uh a mukhie hi. Gamlei leh buolna tuomtuom a, a tên zieh u’a, tuompien chiet un, kibangta lou uh, hiva chiin a um hi. Tuana vanêzumte pen nêh leh tâh sui dungzuia tuachia kikhêl hi ngêiva chiin a gingta hi. Ama’n a tuotna ah, a chîl in, tua vanêzumte pen South_America gam a hing kipan in khum tuikuolgam tuomtuom ah a na pêmlut uhhi, chiin a pom hi. Tuachia, mun tuom gam tuom a, ahing buol chiengun gamlei leh buolna dangdangte ah a’ng busata u’a, tuachiin dam leh bittah a, a hintheina dingun a mêl uh a’ng kikhêl zêl uhhi.
Khang tampi a’ng hi nua chiengin, nêh leh tâh mubaina leh mutheina díngin a chitung u’ah, mêllamdanna(variations, speciation) a’ng pieng hi. Tuachia kikhêltheite’n nêh leh tâhte kiningchingtahin a muthei u’a, hlâh leh suon tampi nei in, amaute pienzie deihuoite(favorable traits) khu a hlâh a suonte tungah chihlâh sawn uhhi. A pienzie deihuoite pen a’ng pung sêmsêm a, hun hing pei zel in, tua hinnaneite pen chi tuom zât tuom in a’ng omta uhhi. Tam bang piendân pen Natural Selection tungtawn a hing omthei ahi. Kibahlouna leh mêllamdanna na om tama nanleh zong gamlei leh buolna in a têltuom khu Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) kichi ahi. Tuni’n tam bang mêllamdanna leh pienkikhêlna pen Adaptive radiation a kichi hi. Gamlei leh buolna in khum mêllamdanna omte lah ah,hoipen a kitêldoh hi.


Vanêzum chi tuomtuomte


Ganhingte leh louhingte lim leh mêl puohte tuomdeu leh dangdeu a mute a tuot chiengin mêltuomna(Biological Variations) “Speciation.” pen a’ng mudoh hi.
H.M.S Beagle Tembaw H.M.S Beagle’ kum 5 sung khuolzinna(1831-1836)

Tua hun sungin léisiet lam pilna tampi a na mudoh hi. Leitung a sing leh suong(vegetation) omte tampi a na mudohdânte ama’n Journal of voyage kichi laibu khat ah a mukhietteng a hilchien a, tuachiin leisiet lam toh kisai mipil tah khat in mipilte’n ama na pom uhhi. Singte(trees) leh antelouhingte(plants), Ganhingte(animals) leh gamsate(wild animals) leh khangluisuonglimte(fossils) kithêzâhdante a ngaisut chiengin Charles Darwin in chi khat apat a, chituom leh chidang puo in lim leh mêl kikhêl lamdanna bangchi kihlen/pien( transmutation of species) ahiei? chi pen a’ng tuotzaw chiengin Natural Selection Thusim(theory) kum 1838 in ama’n a na sutuo hi.



Hun sawt kuomtah tua tuikuolgamte sunga a’ng zah zou chiengin, Lai Siengthou sunga kigênsa mihing kisiemdân toh kikalthei dîng hinnaneite(mihingte) khankhietzie thusim(theory of human evolution) khat a’ng mukhie hi. Tuami pen ahileh; hinnanei zousie pen Natural Selection tungtawn a, pienna hlâhtute kibang(common ancestors) pansa hing kuondoh vive ahihi, chiin hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim(Human Evolution) khat a’ng puongdoh hi.
Tua hunlai in mihing leh hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim pen gam leh haw ah na kigen minthang zouta hi. Ahivangin, koima’n thusim thuhtah leh pansia ding a na mu sih u’a, Darwin kichi pa khat in a thusim thuhte leh pansia techite na suikhiet dungzuiin ama pen a mu masapen khat suoh ahizaw hi. Mipil dangte’n zong tam bang thusim pen na ngaisut chiet ma uh leh zong, a bul a bal, a patna a tawpna theikhen lou un, na om uhhi. Darwin in a bul a bal, a patna a tawpna a’ng khenthei chiengin thusim lamdang mama khat a’ng mukhethei hi.
Ama’n a na theikhiet leh na pulah thupipen ahileh; tu-a hinnanei chituomtuom zousie pen hlâhtu kibang sungpan a na piengdoh leh na khanglien(Evolution Of Man ) ahi ban u’ah, kum tampi kivei in, Natural selection na kichi peidân(process) khat tungtawn a na khangkhetou leh na kikhêltou zêl uh ahi.
Darwin mukhiet mihing khankhietzie(Human Evolution) thusim(theory)(Darwin's Theory Of Evolution ) in hinna(nuntàtna) chi tuomtuomte pen kum sângtul(million) hun peisa hun in amate’ hlâhtu kibangte(common ancestors) apatin hinkhawina(natural selection) tungtawn in, na khanglienzou ahi, a na chi apatsa in leitung a pil leh siemte sâintiste ngaidan leh minâutangte(common people) ngaituodân na tuomsah zou hi.

Pu Charles Darwin in kum 1858 a, thusim a giel lâiin Pu Alfred Russel Wallace in ama’a toh kisûn thusim(theory) khat a hlâh a, Darwin thusim toh a kibang mama hi. Tuazaw in amani’n a thusim gêl Journal of the Linnaean Society ah a suoton uhhi. Charles Darwin in kum 1859, November hla ni 24 ni in On the Origin of Species laibu sungah Natural Selection kichi thutengte na giel masa hi. Tuani ma in tuami laibu pen a kizua sieng pai hi. Kum 1871 kum in The_Descent_of_Man and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex laibu nasuo hi. Pu Herbert Spencer in kum 1851 kum in thuguitawng(phrase) ‘survival of the fittest’ kigen minthang pen na zang masapen hi. A guolpa Pu Thomas Henry Huxley(1825-1895) in tuami Darwin laibu pen a’ng sim chiengin kichien mama a sa a, ama’n a na tuottheiloudante a ngaisut chiengin, a tha na mama, pum in a mawldanpi a phuongzah hi.

Tuami thusim peidan a’ng kithêzâh bep in leitung a mipil misiemte leh minâutângte ngaituona, lungsim leh theina tampi a tongkha(influence) hi. Bangzieh a, hinnanei scientist(sâintis) khat ta banga sâintis thupite- Galileo , Isaac Newton leh Albert_Einstein te toh kikimton a kithupi ngâi ahiei? chi pen ngaituo tham ching ahi, ka chi ut hi.

Charles Darwin mukhiet hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim(theory) tam aneia bang ahi:-
Charles Darwin in Lamarck thusim(theory) pen a na pom sih hi. Ama’n ‘Origin of Species’ laibu sunga a gen thupipente khu mêllamdanna, hinna kidemna leh hlâh leh suonte tunga pienzie chihlâhna(heredity). Ganhingte hun pei dungzuin a kikhêlzou uhhi. Tuni’a ganhing I mute uh, khanglui laia toh kibanglou ahi. Khanglui lâia ganhing tampite tuni’n a gam siengta uhhi. Leisiet a om den ahisih a, a kikhêl let ahi. Khangluisuonglimte(fossils) pen têchi(evidence) hoi mama pawlkhat ahihi.

Leitung a hinnanei gamsate, ganhingte, ganingte(insects), singkung leh antelouhingte pen a hlâhtu(ancstor) kibang(common, same) patsa hing kipankhie ahi uhhi. Kum tampi kivei zouin, lim leh mêl tuomtuom chiet in a’ng kikhêl uhhi. Hinnaneite pen a’ng pun chiengun tahsa hoinate leh sildeihuoi pienzie neite bou a dam u’a, a dangte pen a sigam let hi. Pienzie neihoite bou a hing u’a, a poumaw a piengmawte pen a gam sieng let hi. Tam bang kikhêlna ziehin hinnaneite in mêl leh puom, tahsapien, sisan tuomna a na nei uh khu Branching ahisihleh Speciation kichi ahi.

(chi tuomtuomte)
(a kibang hlâhtute)
Hlâh leh suon singkung

1. Gâsuonna nempi(enormous fertility): Hinnanei zousie tup thupipen ahileh hlâh leh suon, ta leh nau nei ding, damsawt ding chi ahihi. Gâsuonna(fertility) nempi leh lamdangtah ziehin hinnaneite(Living Things-plants and animals, organisms) pen a leni in a pung zel u’a, a khang a khang in a leni sawnsawn in a mising(population) in a pung sêmsêm uhhi. Tam bang pundân pen Mângkam in geometric series(1-2-4-8-16-32-64-128--) a pung let a kichi hi. Tam banga a’ng pun chiengun, gamléi leh buolna(environment) in a puohzou lou in, nêh leh táhte muzou lou khop in a pung let uhhi. Tam pen bangchi banga piengthei ahiei chi pen tam aneia bang in a kigen hi. Hinnaneite pen hlâh leh suon neina lam ah a pung tam bai mama uhhi. Akhang akhang in kop khat khu kop ni a suoh a, kopni khu kop li a suoh a, kop li khu kop giet a suoh a, tam chiin a leni sim in a pung let hi. Manghâm in geometric series(GP) a, pung a kichi hi. Geometric series (2-4-8-16-32-64-128…). Tam banga ganhingte a pun huoisiet vangin, kihinkhawina in a phal let sih a, tampipi a sigam zel u’a, tuachiin ganhingte mising a hunbep khat in a omden hi.

Leitung a hinnanei ganhingte, singkungte leh gamsate hlâh leh suonte khu dam chietta uh henlen hlâh leh suonte nei kim kia chietta uh leh, pen leitung pumpi a luodim paita ding uhhi. Darwin tam thute pen angka(math) tuottuona zangin a khuot hi. Ama’n a mukhietdan a gielna ah hichiin a gen hi.
Darwin in hichi in na gen hi, “Sâi pen gantate lah a, hlâh leh suon neiha mama leh nei vaigei pen vawt khat ahi. Sâi nupa khat nâunei ding dan leh a pundan ding ka tuottuo chiengin a nâipen in kum 30 a chin(upat) chiengin sâipi khat in nâu(ta)neita henlen, tuachiin kum 90 a upat tandongin a tawmpen in ta 6(guh) nei tamaleh, kum 750 hun peizou chiengin tam sâi nupa patsa’n a hlâh leh suon piengkheteng dam kim chiet uhleh, pen sâi 19,000,000(sângtul 19) pha phiel díng hi” a chi hi.

2. Hinna kituna (Struggle for existence) Hinnaneite ahilouleh Ganhingte missing(census, population) pen gamléi leh buolna mun a nêh leh tâhte in a puohzoulou leh vâhzoulou chiengun, amauh leh amauh kidem(struggle, compete) leh kitu(fight for, contest) zing in a hing uhhi. “Nê inlen kinesah in’(eat and be eaten) chidan hinkhuo mangin hinnaneite a om uhhi. Hinna dei ziehin a kidem a kidou ngitnget uhhi. Kidemna chi thum a om hi;
i) Amauh leh amauh kikâl a ann, kibuhna, kibuolna, vâh leh sil dangdang kitu a kidem gige na khu innsung a kituna Intraspecific Struggle kichi ahi. Numei pasal chi bang tel tuomna tualeh neita zonna chite bang kideitelna leh kidemna chikhat ahi.
ii) Anina ah, hinnanei chikhat leh chituom kidemna leh kidouna khu Interspecific struggle kichi ahi. Gêntêna díngin, sakhi ahisihleh sazuh humpi khat in a mat sawm chienga a pîtsawm, a kituh dam khu china ahi.
iii) Gamléi leh buolna toh kidemna(Struggle with environment): Gamlei leh buolna sungah hamsatna chituomtuom a’ng tun chiengin hinnaneite’n thuoh hasa a sa mama uhhi.Gamsat, gamgaw, vot leh sat, tuilien, leitung satna leh huikhuo kikhêl ziehin hinnaneite’n gentheina tampi a tuoh uhhi. Tamte khu gamlei leh buolna toh kidemna kichi ahi.

3. Mêllamdanna leh Chihlâhna(Variation and Heredity)-
Pienna nu leh pa ahisihleh chîkhat(one species) sunga mêl leh puom tuomna, kikhêlna, kibahlouna, kilamdanna, chituomna leh mêltuomna khu Mêllamdanna kichi ahi.
Khankhietzie pientheina dingin, tam mêllamdanna khu poimaw leh kul ahihi. Tam gel tel louin hinnaneite khankhietzie piengthei lou ahi. Tam bang mêllamdanna pen chihlâh a opthei sih leh khankhietzie omthei tuon lou ahi. Tam bang pienzie lâhsawn(acquired traits)te pen chihlâhthei(heritable) ahi têi ngâi ahi. Tua bang a’ng hithei chienga khankhietzie a’ng piengthei pan ahi. Lamarck thusim kipomtheilouna pen pienzie kichhlâhthei lou zieh ahi.

4. Kihinkhawina ahilouleh Achìngpên damna(Natural Selection or Survival of the fittest):
Hinnanei tampite kidem leh kidou in a hinkhuo uh amang zel uhhi. Hinanleh, sildeihuoi pienzie neite bou a dam u’a, tuate neiloute pen a simang zel uhhi.
Nêh leh táhte(resources) muzou lou ziehin amauh leh amauh kidem in a’ng om u’a, , nêh leh táhte kitu in a kibântha zel uhhi. Tuachia a’ng op chiengun a lah u’a, a hâtpen leh a chìngpente a hing(dam) u’a, a poumaw/piengmaw/hâtmawte a sigam uhhi. Tam bang optandân pen Darwin ma-in Herbert Spencer in achìngpen kihinkhawna khu ‘survival of the fittest’ a na chi hi. Hinnaneite lah a a chìngpente’n a tahsa tunga a chiziete(genes) khu a hlâh leh suonte tungah a pesawn leh a chihlâh sawn u’a, tuachiin a khang uh a hoipien sêm hi. Tua ziehin, a chìngpen a hing/dam a, hlâh leh suon tampi a neithei uhhi.
A piengmawte pen chihlâh neilouin a si uhhi. Achíngloute leh a poumawte pen gên selouin a mangthang u’a, a sigam sieng zêl hi. Tam bang kideitêlna leh kichitelna pen Kihinkhawina(Natural Selection) kichi ahi.

5. Gamléi leh buolna kihlen zieha mêllamdanna pieng(Variations due to changing environment):
Gam leh léitang hoi mun a, hinnanei khangliente leh têngte adíngin damna leh bitna a hoi sêm a, tuachiin a pung sêmsêm thei uhhi. Gamlei leh buolna hamsatna leh gentheina a’ng tun dungzuiin hinnaneite pen in kikhêltheina pienzie a nei uh kul hi. Tuachi sih leh a dam zou sih ding u’a, a gam siengta ding uhhi.
Tuachiin a hlâh a suonte tungah a chî hoinate pesawn in, a chihlâh u’a, gamlei leh buolna in a opkhum zâl in, hinnaneite pen a khang a khang in, lim leh mêl kikhêlna nei toutuou in, kum tampi nua chiengin, a pienna kibang hinapiin, chituomtuom nam tuomtuom bangin ahing omta uhhi.

6. Origin of Species
Darwin gêndân in, hinnanei chi kibangte khu gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuia a dam chiet uh a, a kihinkhawi u’a ahileh, khang tampi kum tampi zaw chiengin tua chi kibang hinnaneite pen a hlâhtu leh a pienna nu leh pate toh a lim a mêl uh, a puom uh a kisunta sih díng u’a, tuachiin amate pen chituom zât tuom bangin a kisimta díng hi.
Kum sângtultul tungtawn a hichi bang peidân zuiin kikhêlna na pieng den ahita ziehin, hinnanei masapen; hlâhtu masapen, patsa tunia hinnanei; ganhingte leh louhingte na piengkhie ahihi. Khang tampi a’ng peizou chiengin hinnanei chi kibang luite kihinkhawina ziehin a’ng kikhenkhie zêl u’a, tuachiin chituom deu leh chitha a na lêngkhie let hi. Humpi, Tawpi, Ngêu, Gielpawl, Kâmkei, Taw-u(To-u) ganhingte in kibahna nempi nei ahi ziehun, amaute pen mêllamdanna leh kihinkhawina zieha hlâhtu kibang patsa, na kikhenkhedoh uh ahi uhhi. Tuachiin, tuniin amaute pen chituom nam(species) tuom bangin a kisimta hi.

Darwin thusim(theory) tomkim in tam aneia bang ahi.
1. Hinnaneite a’ng pun chiengun kidemna a’ng pieng a, ahivangin, a mising uh a ngaingai in a khawlden hi.
2. Kidemna a’ng op chiengin achìngpente a khinkhawina ziehin mêllamdanna leh chihlâhna a tung hi.
Achìngpente gamlei leh buolna optan dungzuiin a’ng damzou u’a pienzie deihuoite a chitung u’ah a puo u’a, tuachiin a hlâh leh a suonte uh tungah a chihlâh sawn zêl uhhi. Tuachia kum tampi a khang akhang a, a’ng kichihlâh toutou chiengun hlâhtu kibang patsa’n hinnanei chituom nam tuom a’ng piengkhie hi.


Hinnaneite khankhietzie têchite bangteng a om ei? (Evolution evidences)
Hinnaneite khankhietzie techite ganhingte khangguolna, mêlpuohdân, pienchîltui (embryology),kimatkaina(link),khangluileisietsuina(palaentology), tahsapien(physiology) leh leitung ganhingte kihawmzâhdân te tungpan in a kitheithei hi.

i) Khangguolna(Taxonomy); ganhingte a khangsimna uh, a neupen apat a lienzaw lam a ahing kiguol a, ahing kisim leh, hinnaneite pen cell khat maimai patsa cell nempi nei ganhing in a’ng kiguol toutou hi. Tam in bang a etsah e? i chi leh, ganhingte pen cell khat a pat a na piengkhie in, khankhietzie zieha ganhing cell tampi nei na suoh ahi uhhi.
ii) Mêlpuohdân(Morphology): Mihing khut, sakol kêng, bâh hla, nga ngingku, Artic seal khut-hiem leh adangdangte pen a sep(toh) díng uh kibang a na kibawl ahihi, hinanleh, gamlei leh buolna tuomtuom a, a na op zieh u’a, mêl kikim leh kibang a, na pieng lou ahi. Tam pen Homology kichi ahi. Vestigial organs kichite khanglui laiin, a panna na om ma leh zong tuchiengin a pannabei in tahsa hieng bangin a mawh omta hi. Etsahnate; sampi keme, nausen meigu, kiwi meitom, ostrich hlakui, mihing gilpeng, mihing meigu, mihing bilngêh leh adangdangte ahihi.
iii) Kimatkaina(connecting links
Tang a kimkhat reptile, a kimkhat mammal, a tui a thah vanga, mammal banga a mul nei vethou. Archaeopteryx kichi pen a kimkhat va a kimkhat reptile tuitha ganhing chikhat na hihi, reptile te apat a vate na lêngkhie ahi, chi pen kitheichienta hi.
iv) Pienchîltuisimna(embryology) patsa’n khankhietzie a kitheithei hi.
Ganhingte pienchîltui(embryo) te a upatdân a kibah laitah a, a ki-etton chiengin, a lim a mêl uh a kibang chiet u’a, khenkhietdân hasa mama hi.
v) Tahsapien(physiology): Mihing sisan group A, B, AB ahilouleh O ahithei a, A leh B group te ngâute sisan ah zong a kimuthei hi. Zawngte sisan tam bang a om sih hi. Tua ahimanin, ngâute pen mihingte natna veithei in a kithei hi. Tahsapien kibahna khu khankhietzie na pien zieh ahi. Thyroid gland te mihing leh ganhingte sa tungah a om a, tuami in tahsapien kibahna a’ng tun hi.
vi) Ganhingte kihawmzâhdân: Leitung a ganhingte mun tuom gam tuom ah a têng uhhi. Gam leh muol sâlevot kibah dungzuiin ganhingte zong kibang chiet deidoi sam hi. Gamsa gam India leh Africa gamte ah saite a om a, Brazil gam ah sai a om sih hi. Marsupial leh montreme te New Zealand leh Australia a om u’a, gam dang ah a om sih uhhi. Creataceous khang; Gondwana gambup leh Australia gambup na kikhenkhiet lai hun a, marsupialte leh monotremete a tuom in na têng u’a, chi tuom nam tuom na suoh uhhi.
vii) Khangluileisietsuina(palaentology): Khangluisuonglimte(fossils) zilna khu Palaeontology kichi ahi. Khanglui laia, ganhingte sisate suongsuoh pawlkhat khu suong tung suong sungah a kilang let uhhi. Gahing khat suong a suo chienga tua bang suodân khu Petrification kichi ahi. Petrification pen suongsuoh chithei ahi. Nidanglaia, singna, ganingte hlakui, gamsate, vate gu leh tângte, dinosal gute, vuasaite, chingpi gute leh adangdangte na kigawlching khu khangluisuonglimte(fossils) kichi ahi. Tamte patsa’n etsahna dingin sakol hing kipatna a hlâhtu masapen a’ng kitheithei a, a kikhêldânte khangluisuonglimte tungah etthei díngin a na kimudoh hi.
Tulai sakolte pen sakol bang Eohippus patsa na pielkhie dân ahi thu theichien in a om hi. Tuazawin, Mesohippus a’ng lêngkhie a, tuazouin, Merychippus a na piel a, tuachiin tunia i sakol mute uh pen Equus kichi sakol hlâhtu pansa hing pieng ahi.

Biehna leh Scientiste demna
Darwin in a thusim a’ng pulah zou a kipatin, tuami thusim demse ding scientist tampite leh biehna lam siempute tampite na om hi. Ama’n scientist khangdawngte pen a thuzawzou a, hinanleh, scientist minthang Pu Richard Owen leh leisietsiem leh hinnasuisiem(biologist); Pu Louis Agassiz te a na thuzawzou sih hi.

Church of England in a mawpai pai sih hi. Siempu pawlkhat in tuami thusim pen Lai Siengtho sunga na kigielsa Pasien updân leh Pasien thu leh la(theology) toh kikêlkî ahimanin, tua pen ginna susethei ahi chiin na nielkal uhhi. Darwin lawmte; Adam Sedgwick leh John Stevens Henslow tegel leh Charles Hodge in a pom sih uhhi. Thomas Henry Huxley in Darwin thusim pen nâhpitahin a panpi a, ama pen Darwin ‘bulldog’ chiin na kiminvaw va-iah hi. Kum 1860 kum in Oxford ah Evolution Debate khat na om hi. Tuanah, Oxford Bishop Samuel Wilberforce in na ha nielkal hi. Joseph Hooker in a na hu hi. Siempu Charles Kinsley in hinnaneite kihinkhawina Pasien silsiem vanzah khat hiva chiin a updân thu a phuong hi.

A lâibu suokhiet ‘Origin of Species’ patsa’n Lâi Siengtho bung Siemchîlbu sunga na kigielsa; Pasien in mihing na siemdân kalthei dínga ahing optâh chiengin biehna siempu tampite na buoisezâh gawp uhhi. Siemtu khat in mihing leh ganhingte na siem ahi chia, Lâi Siengtho sunga na kigielsa leh mihingte na upsa ginna pen demse dân a, a’ng optâh chiengin siempu pawlkhat in Charles Darwin pen ginsuolna bawltu (heresy) ahi chiin thâ díng mat díngin vâi a na hawm uhhi. Mihing leh silbangkim Pasien na khên,na siem leh na suhtûp ahi, chi pen biehna lamkâite’n a gên thupi uhhi. Manghâm in Intelligent Design theory a kichi hi. Thuneitu tungnungpenpa khat in silbangkim a na khên(designed) ahi chiin a gingta uhhi. Bangteng hita ma nanleh zong hinnanei kichite khu cell neunou khat a patsa hing kipan hima uh leh zong tua cell neunou pen khu Pasien siem ahi veve hi, chiin a pom thou uhhi.

Catholic Biehna in hinnaneite khankhietzie a na pomdân(Vatican view of evolution)pen Darwin thusim toh na kikal pumpâng tuon si’a, a na pom siem veve hi. Catholic Biehna Pa Pope Pius XII in kum 1950 kum in thusuobu(Encyclicals/Humani_Generis) ah, Darwin thusim tungtâng thute ngâidân a na phuongzâh hi. Tuami ahileh; Biehna in silsiemte leh hinnaneite khankhietzie suichienna leh thukupna lamsang khu mipil misiemte’n Pasien thu leh late, toh kikumkal lou a, a suichienthei nâh uh leh, tuate pen khâm ahi sih hi, chiin thuphuonna na bawl hi. Tua bân ah, mihing hing pienna toh kisai thute ah, mihing khu hinnaneite hlâhtu kibang chikhat pansa hing kuon ahi, chi toh kizuiin, upna leh ginna lam ah pen mihing hlagâu(hla) khu Pasien siem ma ahi chiin a pomkip hi. Pa Pope John Paul II(anina) in hinnaneite khankhietzie khu a dih ma ahi, chiin na gênzou hi(Catholic view of Evolution and Darwin).

Khangluileisietsuina(Paleontology): Khangluileisiet kimudohte patsa’n hinnaneite khankhietzie a kitheithei hi, chiin a kigen hi. Ahivanga, hinnaneite khankhietzie a kingaisut tahtah chiengin ganhing khat leh ganhing khat hei sung taha na kikhendoh uh ahiei? chipen mu hamsa mama hi. Nu sung pa sung khat a na kuondoh himauhleh zong bangpen a na kipetuo uh e, bangchih hun a na kikhen uh ahi uoi? Gentêna khat ah, dinosalte patsa vabang Archaeopteryx na kuondoh ahi i chitâh u’a, ahileh, tuate gel kikâl a ganhingte bang lim leh mêl a na hi diei? chi pen i ngaituo chiengin sil ngaituo hasa mama pi khat a suoh hi.

Ngâute patsa mihing hing kuondoh ahiei? (Man from Apes ?)
Mipil pawlkhatte’n khangluisuonglim kimudohte leh kitoudohte pansa’n hinnanei khankhietzie thusim pen a mân ma ahi chiin a gingta uhhi. Ahivangin, Pasien silsiem gingtate vangin, mihing khankhietzie têchite pen khangluisuonglim tuntawngte na kimudohte pou ahi; ha them, hate, pheigu(malgu) tawng pou, talpang gu halthem, khagu, khelgu pou na hihi. Hinnaneisuisiemte’n tua gu kimudohte a na suhtuotuo un, khuchiin, khanglui lâia mihing lim leh mêl toh kisun in na bawltawm uh ahi, chiin a nuol uhhi.
Tam bang gu leh tâng kimudohte pen kimkhatte zuouthu zuounâl toh na kibawl hi chiin na kitheikhie zêl hi.
Kikhêllamdanna(Mutations): Darwin thusim peipidân pen kum sângtultul lam peizaw chienga silpieng thute a gênna ahibou hi. Hinanleh, a thusim in thakhat a hinnaneite kikhêllamdanna peidân a hilchien thei sih hi. Tam bang thakhat a kikhêllamdannate(Mutations) pen a hoina lam ah a pei sih a, se lam ah a lêng hi. Bawng kineilou, ngêu mulbei, ui meineilou te pen kikhêllamdanna zieh ahihi. Tua ahimanin, Darwin thusim pen kiptah a, pomthei lou a suoh hi.
Kihinkhawina têchite(evidences)
Industrial Revolution laiin khawlte patsa’n innkîng leh leivom nempi na pawtdohte in singkungte a vomsah a, singpante a gamsah hi. Tua ziehin chithah kâng a na tawmsuh a, chithah vom na pung hi. Chithah vomte(peppered-moth, black moth) pen vâte in a muchienthei lou uh ahimanin, a pung deudeu u’a, chithah kângte(light-coloured moths) mising(population, number) pen a kiem deudeu uhhi. Tam in chithah khankhietzie leh mêllamdanna chientah in a kawmu hi. Global warming ziehin, khinkhawina optheina dingin, Japan gam ah tuikeppâte in a sex(numei ahilouleh pasal hina) uh a khêlthei uh hi.

John Gregor Mendel: Gregor Mendel, modern genetics pa pen Darwin toh khanguol a na hi uhhi. Darwin puohkhiet hinnaneite khankhietzie thusim leh Mendel genetics tamte gel kigawm in Synthetic Theory of Evolution ahisihleh Neo-Darwinism ahilouleh Modern evolutionary synthesis chiin mintha a na kivaw hi. Natural selection ziehin a damsawt leh a damsaute in hlâh leh suon tam a neithei uhhi.